tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-10687552013816121612024-03-04T20:05:34.363-08:00PERIHAL BANGSA MELAYUAl-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.comBlogger29125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-24889466451187549662013-12-12T18:36:00.003-08:002013-12-12T18:36:56.386-08:00Gangga Negara<a href="http://www.yawningbread.org/guest_2007/pic-guw-137a.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" class="irc_mut" height="306" id="irc_mi" src="http://www.yawningbread.org/guest_2007/pic-guw-137a.gif" style="margin-top: 44px;" width="379" /></a>Gangga Negara dipercayai merupakan kerajaan Melayu Hindu yang hilang dan ada disebut dalam Sejarah Melayu yang kini merangkumi Beruas, Dinding dan Manjung masa kini dalam negeri Perak, Malaysia dengan Raja Gangga Shah Johan sebagai salah seorang rajanya. Penyelidik percaya bahawa kerajaan ini berpusat di Beruas dan ia runtuh selepas serangan oleh Raja Rajendra Chola I dari Coromandel, India Selatan, antara 1025 dan 1026. Sebuah lagi sejarah Melayu, Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa yang dikenali sebagai Hikayat Kedah, Gangga Negara mungkin telah diasaskan oleh anak Merong Mahawangsa, Raja Ganjil Sarjuna dari Kedah, yang dikatakan sebagai keturunan Iskandar Agung or atau keluarga diraja Khmer tidak lewat dari abad ke-2.<br /><br />Jabatan Muzium telah mengkaji kerajaan Gangga Negara dari pelbagai sudut termasuk tradisi lisan yang terdapat di negeri Perak. Muzium Beruas ditugaskan untuk membuat penyelidikan dari sudut arkeologi.<br /><br />Kerajaan Gangga Negara meliputi Beruas dan Dinding/ Manjung . Terdapat artifak arca-arca Buddha abad ke- 5 dan ke-6 Masehi di Beruas menunjukkan kewujudan Kerajaan Gangga Negara ini. Kerajaan Gangga Negara berpusat di Beruas.<br /><br />Pengasas Kerajaan Gangga Negara ialah Raja Ganjil Sarjuna dari Kedah. Pendapat lain mengatakan Kerajaan Gangga Negara dibuka oleh Raja Khmers dari Kemboja.<br /><br />Kajian lain menyatakan Kerajaan Gangga Negara wujud tidak lewat dari abad ke-2 Masehi. Kerajaan Gangga Negara ini dipercayai terletak di daerah Dinding (Manjong) di kawasan Selatan Gunung Bubu (1657 meter ) arah Timur Bukit Segari di tepi Sungai Dendang. Pendapat ini juga menyebut kemungkinan pusat Kerajaan Gangga Negara berubah-ubah.<br /><br />Dengan menggunakan jumpaan artifak-artifak purba dan pengaliran cabang Sungai Perak dipercayai pernah berpusat di Pengkalan ( Ipoh ), Lembah Kinta, Tanjung Rambutan, Bidor dan Sungai Siput telah dikatakan sebahagian dari jajahan Kerajaan Gangga Negara.<br /><br />Kewujudan Kerajaan Gangga Negara dan kemudiannya Kerajaan Melayu Beruas tidak dapat dinafikan oleh penyelidik sejarah pada hari ini. Kedua-dua kerajaan tua yang dikatakan pernah bertapak di bumi Beruas bukanlah suatu dongengan ataupun mitos semata-mata. Ini berikutan beberapa peninggalan kesan sejarah mengenainya yang masih wujud di beberapa kawasan negeri Perak amnya dan Beruas khususnya.<br /><br />Semua artifak dan gambar berkaitan dengan Beruas dipamerkan di Muzium Beruas.<br /><br />Mana mana Kerajaan yang mengusai Semenanjung Tanah Melayu akan mengusai laluan perdagangan. itu sebab Siam,Khemer,Funan cuba mengusai Semenanjung Tanah Melayu. Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-66289750689288723242013-12-12T18:32:00.001-08:002013-12-12T18:32:17.850-08:00Kerajaan-kerajaan silam Nusantara1. Kerajaan Kandis* Lubuk Jambi Riau Sebelum Masehi<br />2. Kerajaan Melayu Jambi - Jambi Abad ke-2 M<br />3. Kerajaan Salakanegara Pandeglang - Banten 150 M<br />4. Kepaksian Skala Brak Kuno Gunung Pesagi - Lampung Abad ke-3 M<br />5. Kerajaan Kutai Muara Kaman - Kaimantan Timur Abad ke-4 M<br />6. Kerajaan Tarumanegara -Banten Abad ke-4 M<br />7. Kerajaan Koto Alang LubukJambi Abad ke-4 M<br />8. Kerajaan Barus Barus -Sumatra Utara Abad ke-6 M<br />9. Kerajaan Kalingga Jepara - Jawa Tengah Abad ke-6 M<br />10. Kerajaan Kanjuruhan Malang - Jawa Timur Abad ke-6 M<br />11. Kerajaan <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD1">Sunda</span> Banten-Jawa Barat 669 M<br />12. Kerajaan <span class="IL_AD" id="IL_AD5">Sriwijaya </span>Palembang - Sumatra Selatan Abad ke-7 M<br />13. Kerajaan Sabak Muara Btg. Hari - Jambi 730 M<br />14. Kerajaan Sunda Galuh Banten-Jawa Barat 735 M<br />15. Kerajaan Tulang Bawang - Lampung 771 M<br />16. Kerajaan Medang - Jawa Tengah 820 M<br />17. Kerajaan Perlak Peureulak - Aceh Timur 840 M<br />18. Kerajaan Bedahulu - Bali 882 M<br />19. Kerajaan Pajajaran Bogor - Jawa Barat 923 M<br />20. Kerajaan Kahuripan - Jawa Timur 1009 M<br />21. Kerajaan Janggala Sidoarjo - Jawa Timur 1042 M<br />22. Kerajaan Kadiri/Panjalu Kediri - Jawa Timur 1042 M<br />23. Kerajaan Tidung Tarakan - Kalimantan Timur 1076 M<br />24. Kerajaan Singasari - Jawa Timur 1222 M<br />25. Kesultanan Ternate - Ternate, Maluku 1257 M<br />26. Kesultanan Samudra Pasai - Aceh Utara 1267 M<br />27. Kerajaan Aru/Haru Pantai Timur, Sumatra Utara 1282 M<br />28. Kerajaan Majapahit Jawa Timur 1293 M<br />29. Kerajaan Indragiri Indragiri, Riau 1298 M<br />30. Kerajaan Panjalu Ciamis Gunung Sawal, Jawa Barat Abad ke-13 M<br />31. Kesultanan Kutai Kutai, Kalimantan Timur Abad ke-13 M<br />32. Kerajaan Dharmasraya Jambi 1341 M<br />33. Kerajaan Pagaruyung Batu Sangkar, Sumbar 1347 M<br />34. Kesultanan Aceh Banda Aceh 1360 M<br />35. Kesultanan Pajang Jawa Tengah 1365 M<br />36. Kesultanan Bone Bone, Sulawesi Selatan 1392 M<br />37. Kesultanan Buton Buton Abad ke-13 M<br />38. Kesultanan Malaka Malaka 1402 M<br />39. Kerajaan Tanjung Pura Kalimantan Barat 1425 M<br />40. Kesultanan Berau Berau 1432 M<br />41. Kerajaan Wajo Wajo, Sulawesi Selatan 1450 M<br />42. Kerajaan Tanah Hitu Ambon, Maluku 1470 M<br />43. Kesultanan Demak Demak, Jawa Tengah 1478 M<br />44. Kerajaan Inderapura Pesisir Selatan, Sumbar 1500-an M<br />45. Kesultanan Pasir/Sadurangas Pasir, Kalimantan Selatan 1516M<br />46. Kerajaan Blambangan Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur 1520-an M<br />47. Kesultanan Tidore Tidore, Maluku Utara 1521 M<br />48. Kerajaan Sumedang Larang Jawa Barat 1521 M<br />49. Kesultanan Bacan Bacan, Maluku 1521 M<br />50. Kesultanan Banten Banten 1524 M<br />51. Kesultanan Banjar Kalimantan Selatan 1526 M<br />52. Kesultanan Cirebon Jawa Barat 1527 M<br />53. Kesultan Sambas Sambas, Kalimantan Barat 1590-an M<br />54. Kesultanan Asahan Asahan 1630 M<br />55. Kesultanan Bima Bima 1640M<br />56. Kerajaan Adonara Adonara, Jawa Barat 1650 M<br />57. Kesultanan Gowa Goa, Makasar 1666 M<br />58. Kesultanan Deli Deli, Sumatra Utara 1669 M<br />59. Kesultanan Palembang Palembang 1675 M<br />60. Kerajaan Kota Waringin Kalimantan Tengah 1679 M<br />61. Kesultanan Serdang Serdang, Sumatra Utara 1723 M<br />62. Kesultanan Siak Sri Indrapura Siak, Riau 1723 M<br />63. Kasunanan Surakarta Solo, Jawa Tengah 1745 M<br />64. Kesltn. Ngayogyakarto Hadiningrat Yogyakarta 1755 M<br />65. Praja Mangkunegaran Jawa Tengah-Yogyakarta 1757 M<br />66. Kesultanan Pontianak Kalimantan Barat 1771 M<br />67. Kerajaan Pagatan Tanah Bumbu, Kalsel 1775 M<br />68. Kesultanan Pelalawan Pelalawan, Riau 1811 M<br />69. Kadipaten Pakualaman Yogyakarta 1813 M<br />70. Kesultanan Sambaliung Gunung Tabur 1810 M<br />71. Kesultanan Gunung Tabur Gunung Tabur 1820 M<br />72. Kesultanan Riau Lingga Lingga, Riau 1824 M<br />73. Kesultanan Trumon Sumatra Utara 1831 M<br />74. Kerajaan Amanatum NTT 1832 M<br />75. Kesultanan Langkat Sumatra Utara 1877 M
Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-716238684344174982013-12-09T17:57:00.001-08:002013-12-09T18:04:36.347-08:00JOHOR: WARIS KERABAT SULTAN ALI IBNI SULTAN HUSSEIN<div class="MsoNormal">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvNMdzgqv7usEo_dwemVSHlTXid8wnwGrzcWjShc2VvNcCtaMX47LHFPRLmA0nC4knVbjsBkPFrwn46Lm5bX0PJ4Vh6h0kLD-cmFvlYQ6WgrFgb5wRAsGeDoo14tUBHNQhD60-yOLeXZJS/s1600/gambar+tengku+174.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" class="irc_mut" height="179" id="irc_mi" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvNMdzgqv7usEo_dwemVSHlTXid8wnwGrzcWjShc2VvNcCtaMX47LHFPRLmA0nC4knVbjsBkPFrwn46Lm5bX0PJ4Vh6h0kLD-cmFvlYQ6WgrFgb5wRAsGeDoo14tUBHNQhD60-yOLeXZJS/s320/gambar+tengku+174.jpg" style="margin-top: 46px;" width="320" /></a>Akhir-akhir ini banyak orang mendakwa sebagai ahli kerabat diraja Melaka dan menuntut supaya ditabalkan sebagai Sultan Melaka. Melaka dari segi sejarah adalah pusat berkembangnya tamadun dan kebudayaan Melayu Islam dan sangat terkenal di dunia sebagai pusat perniagaan di sebelah timur pada abad ke 14 dan 15. Malah Melaka menjadi rebutan kepada bangsa asing dari dunia Barat kerana kekayaan dan kemewahannya. Kedudukan Melaka di tengah-tengah laluan laut kepada kapal-kapal perdagangan Timur-Barat menjadikannya berkembang begitu pesat. Faktor pentadbiran yang baik iaitu sistem pemerintahan beraja oleh orang Melayu dan agama Islam juga menjadi penyebab kemakmuran Melaka.<br />
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Melaka telah jatuh ketangan Portugis pada tahun 1511 tetapi kerajaan dan kedaulatan kesultanan Melayu tidak luput. Sultan Melayu Melaka telah memindahkan pusat pentadbiran ke Johor dan terus menerus menyerang Melaka yang diduduki Portugis kemudian Belanda dan akhirnya Inggeris.<br />
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Di era Belanda dan Inggeris pada abad ke 19, empayar kesultanan Melayu dipecah-pecah dan terbahagi kepada dua kesultanan. Perjanjian Inggeris-Belanda 1824 telah mewujudkan sultan Melayu di bawah kawalan Belanda berpusat di Riau dan sultan Melayu di bawah pengaruh Inggeris berpusat di Singapura. Sultan Abdul Rahman di Riau dan Sultan Hussein di Singapura adalah putera Sultan Mahmud yang memerintah kesultanan Melayu Johor yang wujud dari kesinambungan daripada kerajaan Melayu Melaka. Kedua-dua kuasa dan keturunan dua sultan ini akhirnya dimatikan atau dibekukan oleh Belanda dan Inggeris dengan tipu helah.<br />
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Mengikut ahli waris sultan Hussein, baginda telah dinasihatkan oleh Inggeris supaya tinggal dan memerintah kawasan Kesang yang dikhaskan kepada baginda dan waris-waris baginda turun temurun. Inggeris juga membenarkan Melaka untuk dijadikan kota pusat pemerintahan baginda disamping terus bersahabat dengan Inggeris. Sementara itu, keturunan Temenggung Ibrahim masih bekuasa di selatan tanah besar Johor, manakala keturunan bendahara pula berkuasa di Pahang.<br />
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Sehubungan itu, Sultan Hussein telah berpindah ke Melaka dan tinggal di Tengkera, kawasan tradisional kaum kerabat sultan Melayu Melaka dan mangkat di situ. Baginda telah diganti oleh putera baginda Tengku Ali yang telah menjadi sultan bagi daerah Kesang-Muar. Baginda tinggal di Umbai kerana terdapat makam nenda baginda dan akhirnya baginda juga mangkat dan dikebumikan di Umbai Melaka.<br />
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Nasib Sultan Ali adalah serupa seperti ayahanda baginda yang menjadi malang dan terus dalam kedukaan kerana muslihat dan tipu helah Inggeris. Melaka terus menjadi tanah jajahan Inggeris, tidak sebagaimana disangka oleh Sultan Hussein dan Sultan Ali yang yakin dengan janji manis Inggeris untuk membenarkan baginda menjadikan Melaka sebagai kota pemerintahan kerajaan baginda. Pada kenyataannya, sultan hanya dibenarkan tinggal di Melaka dan dikawal terus oleh Inggeris sehinggalah baginda mangkat.<br />
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Di era abad ke duapuluh ini pula, orang-orang Melayu menyaksikan bagaimana kerajaan Singapura mematikan kedaulatan waris dan kerabat Sultan Hussein di Singapura dengan mengambilalih Istana dan kawasan Kampung Gelam menjadi pusat kebudayaan Melayu yang hanya bertaraf sebagai pusat pelancongan.<br />
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Di waktu yang sama tidak kurang juga nasib yang serupa terhadap keturunan waris sultan Ali di Semenanjung. Mereka hilang kuasa setelah Tengku Alam gagal menobatkan diri sebagai sultan penganti ayahanda baginda Sultan Ali. Inggeris telah menjalankan tipuhelahnya dan selepas Perang Jementah 1879, Tengku Alam telah ditangkap dan dikuarentin di Singapura hinggalah baginda mangkat.<br />
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Kerajaan baginda di kawasan Muar-Kesang diperintah oleh Sultan Abu Bakar dan sehingga pada hari ini telah menjadi sebahagian negeri Johor dengan Tanah Takluk Jajajahannya. Walaupun begitu tuntutan hak terus menerus berlaku tetapi menjadi begitu komplikasi dan terabai kerana perkembangan politik semasa yang melanda Johor dan Tanah Melayu sehingga akhirnya terbentuk sebuah negara, Malaysia.<br />
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Mimpi buruk kepada ahli keluarga dan waris sultan Ali berterusan dalam marga mereka sendiri. Walaupun tiada lagi berniat derhaka mahupun permusuhan kecuali taat dan setia kepada sultan Johor dan kerajaan Malaysia, mereka sebenarnya terus melestarikan kedaulatan yang telah tiada ini dalam marga mereka. Sehingga kini terdapat beberapa entiti yang bergerak bersendirian dalam lingkungan yang terbatas. Mereka telah bergaul, bernikah dan menjadi rakyat biasa. Hanya satu keluarga yang menonjol iaitu keluarga Engku Saidin bin Engku Mahmud yang masih kuat dan sampai ke kerabat di raja sultan Pahang. Manakala disebelah isterinya Tengku Raimie sampai kepada Sultan Ali. Hanya keluarga ini yang masih ada organisasi tidak rasmi yang ada Bendaharanya, Temenggong, Laksamana, Panglima yang dilantik mengikut keturunan.<br />
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Kini, struktur organisasi tradisional ini diwarisi dan diaktifkan oleh anakanda beliau Engku Khairul Azuan bin Engku Saidin. Keadaannya masih terbatas dalam marga mereka sendiri tetapi ada kemajuan kerana kesahihan mereka dimaklumi oleh kerabat di raja Pahang dan Kerabat diraja Johor walaupun tidak secara rasmi. Ini adalah disebabkan hubungan sirahturahim kebiasaan yang berterusan. Darah keturunan dan persaudaraan masih bertaut. Struktur Organisasi walau hanya seperti bayangan pada Engku Khairul Azuan bin Engku Saidin ini, juga dimaklumi dan ada kerjasama dengan Persatuan Waris dan Keturunan Temenggong Muar (PEWARIS), Persatuan Waris dan Kerabat Sultan Hussein Singapura, Persatuan Waris dan Kerabat Bendahara Johor, dan Waris dan Kerabat diraja Pahang.<br />
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Terdapat juga keunikan pemegang jawatan atau jabatan iaitu seperti Bendahara, Temenggong dan Laksamana kepada Engku Khairul kerana mereka juga adalah dari darah keturunan raja atau saudara mara kerabat. Seperti Tun Bendahara iaitu bendahara kepada Engku Khairul berstatus atau pangkat bapa saudara pupu beliau dan darah keturunannya sampai kepada kerabat di raja Negeri Sembilan dan juga kerabaat diraja Pahang di samping Melaka dan Kesultanan Cerebon. Mereka yang dilantik, meskipun tidak bergantung kepada kelulusan tinggi akademik tetapi mesti mempunyai tabal atau alat kebesaran warisan keluarga. Dan kesahihan sekuturunan diraja atau kerabat walaupun mereka telah didiskriminasi dan menjadi orang biasa adalah dimaklumi dan diketahui.<br />
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Sumber (c) http://wariskesultananmelaka-yayasansulami.blogspot.com</div>
Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-50266634754086659882013-11-26T03:11:00.001-08:002013-11-26T03:30:30.825-08:00Melayu, Malagasi & Madagascar: <span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"></span><br />
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Author: <span title="1- Saya berkesempatan untuk membaca sebuah Jurnal lama yang diterbitkan oleh satu pertubuhan cendekiawan British didalam bidang sains geografi bernama Royal Geographical Society, yang bertajuk Proceedings of Royal Geographical Society Vol.">Benign</span></span><br />
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<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="1- Saya berkesempatan untuk membaca sebuah Jurnal lama yang diterbitkan oleh satu pertubuhan cendekiawan British didalam bidang sains geografi bernama Royal Geographical Society, yang bertajuk Proceedings of Royal Geographical Society Vol.">1
- I had the opportunity to read an old journal that is published by a
British learned society in the field of geographical science named Royal
Geographical Society , entitled Proceedings of the Royal Geographical
Society Vol. </span><span title="VII untuk sesi tahun 1862-63.">VII for the 1862-63 session . </span><span title="Pada muka surat 69, entri bertarikh 9 Feb 1863, terdapat satu laporan berkenaan dengan bentuk muka bumi dan keadaan geografi Pulau keempat terbesar dunia, Pulau Madagaskar.">On
page 69, entry dated Feb 9 , 1863, there was a report in respect of the
terrain and geographical conditions of the world 's fourth largest
island , Madagascar Island.</span></span><br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Pada muka surat 69, entri bertarikh 9 Feb 1863, terdapat satu laporan berkenaan dengan bentuk muka bumi dan keadaan geografi Pulau keempat terbesar dunia, Pulau Madagaskar."><br /></span><span title="2- Bahasa pertuturan populasi Madagaskar adalah bahasa Malagasi.">2 - The language spoken by the population of Madagascar is Malagasy . </span><span title="Sedikit mengenai bahasa ini, Malagasi seperti mana Hawaiian dan Rapanui tergolong didalam keluarga bahasa tutur Austronesia yang mana salah satu daripada dua pecahan terbesarnya adalah Malayo-Polynesian.">A
little about this language , Malagasy as Hawaiian and Rapanui speech
belongs to the Austronesian language family in which one of the two
largest fraction is Malayo-Polynesian . </span><span title="Bagi memudahkan kefahaman, Malagasi ini adalah salah satu dari bahasa tutur yang termasuk didalam keluarga besar bahasa ibunda kita, bahasa melayu.">To
facilitate understanding, this is one of the Malagasy language of
expression that includes a large family in our native language , Malay
language . </span><span title="Rasanya tidak sukar untuk kita memahami harga sesebuah barang yang bernilai folo, roapolo, telopolo, efapolo atau enimpolo.">It was not difficult for us to understand the price of an item is worth folo , roapolo , telopolo , efapolo or enimpolo. </span><span title="Sepuluh, Dua Puluh, Tiga Puluh, Empat Puluh dan Enam Puluh.">Ten , Twenty , Thirty , Forty and Sixty.</span></span><br />
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<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="3- Mengikut laporan jurnal tersebut, sistem tulisan dan abjad kononnya tidak pernah diperkenalkan kepada masyarakat Madagaskar sehinggalah kedatangan para mubaligh kristian ke pulau tersebut pada seawal 1850an.">3
- According to the journal , and alphabetic writing system supposedly
never been introduced to the people of Madagascar until the arrival of
Christian missionaries to the island in the early 1850s. </span><span title="Salah seorang daripada mubaligh tersebut, Rev.">One of the missionaries , Rev. . </span><span title="Mr.">Mr . </span><span title="Ellis, yang telah meninggalkan pulau tersebut untuk beberapa tahun, sangat terkejut setelah sekembalinya beliau ke pulau Madasgaskar dan mendapati seorang jeneral sedang sibuk menyalin satu perutusan dari cakap mulut pegawai atasannya untuk dihantar satu bahagian pulau yang lain.">Ellis
, who left the island for several years , very surprised after his
return to the island and found a general Madasgaskar was busy copying a
message from the lip superiors to send one part to another island.</span></span><br />
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<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="4- Yang lebih mengejutkan para mubaligh ini adalah terdapat sejumlah besar perkataan-perkataan Malagasi ini adalah merupakan saduran terus dari bahasa melayu.">4
- Even more surprising missionaries are there a large number of
Malagasy words this is a direct adaptation of the Malay language. </span><span title="Ianya sedikit sebanyak membuka pintu jawapan kepada persoalan yang memeningkan kepala para sarjana pada masa itu.">It opens the door to some extent the answer to the question that bane of scholars at the time. </span><span title="Walaupun Madagaskar terletak berdekatan dengan Benua Afrika, mengapa ia langsung tidak mempunyai kaitan dengan benua tersebut.">While Madagascar is located close to the African continent , why it does not have anything to do with the continent. </span><span title="Dari segi hasil semulajadi dan jenis tumbuhan, apa yang ada di Madagaskar adalah berbeza daripada negara-negara dari benua tersebut.">In terms of revenue and types of plants, what is in Madagascar is different from the countries of the continent. </span><span title="Malah penduduk Madagaskar rata-rata tidak mengenali apa itu Zebra dan Zirafah.">Even the average population of Madagascar do not know what the Zebra and Giraffe .</span><span title="Rumah-rumah tradisional di pesisir pantai Madagaskar.">Traditional houses on the coast of Madagascar.</span></span><br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Rumah-rumah tradisional di pesisir pantai Madagaskar."><br /></span><span title="5- Rumah-rumah yang dibina oleh penduduk-penduduk Madagaskar pula tidak langsung menyerupai dengan struktur arkitektual yang ada di negara-negara Afrika.">5
- The houses are built by the people of Madagascar are not directly
mimic the structure arkitektual available in African countries . </span><span title="Rumah-rumah di Madagaskar lebih menyamai rumah-rumah dari kepulauan melayu.">Houses in Madagascar more equal houses from the Malay archipelago . </span><span title="Kebanyakan penduduk nya pula didapati gemar memakai sejenis selimpang yang dipanggil Lamba yang diperbuat daripada jalinan tumbuhan.">Most of its residents were found to prefer to wear a selimpang called Lamba made from plant ties . </span><span title="Berlainan dengan kebiasaan peribumi Afrika yang lebih gemar memakai kulit binatang.">Unlike the usual African natives who prefer to wear animal skins.</span><span title="Wanita suku kaum Merina dengan Lamba berwarna putih.">Merina tribe woman with white Lamba.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="6- Laporan tersebut seterusnya menyatakan, walaupun terdapat perbezaan yang sangat ketara diantara penduduk Madagaskar dan orang melayu dari Nusantara, mereka juga mempunyai ciri-ciri wajah yang berbeza dengan raut tipikal bangsa Afrika.">6
- The report goes on to state , though there is a huge difference
between the people of Madagascar and the Malay Archipelago , they also
have facial features that contrast with the typical shape of Africa
nation.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="7- Malah dari segi budaya dan ketamadunan, penduduk Madagaskar dilihat mempunyai pencapaian ketamadunan yang jauh lebih advans dan terkedepan berbanding dengan rakan-rakan mereka dari Benua Afrika yang jauhnya tidak sampai pun 300 batu.">7
- Even in terms of culture and civilization , the people of Madagascar
are seen to have a far more civilized achievement advans and move ahead
as compared to their counterparts from the African continent away may
not have 300 miles . </span><span title="Bukti tahap ketamadunan ini, menurut laporan Royal Geographic Society pada tahun 1862, adalah berdasarkan tebaran bahasa yang mencakupi keseluruhan pulau, sesuatu yang tidak mungkin boleh berlaku tanpa faktor terdapatnya tamadun yang advans.">Evidence
of the level of civilization , according to reports the Royal
Geographic Society in 1862 , is based on language spread across the
entire island , something that could not happen without the availability
of civilization advans.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="8- Menurut laporan itu lagi, tidak pernah ada bangsa kulit hitam yang tahu mencipta abjad, namun selepas mengkaji bahasa Malagasi, pegawai Royal Geographic Society menemui hampir 200 perkataan yang jelas dan terang berasal dari bahasa melayu.">8
- According to the report, there has never been black people who know
to create characters , but after reviewing the Malagasy language , the
Royal Geographic Society officers discovered nearly 200 words a clear,
comes from the Malay language.</span><span title="9- Memetik laporan itu lagi, sangat jarang terdapat bangsa dari benua Afrika yang tahu mengira."> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="9- Memetik laporan itu lagi, sangat jarang terdapat bangsa dari benua Afrika yang tahu mengira.">9 - Citing the report, very rarely are people from the African continent that knew how to count . </span><span title="Kaum-kaum yang pernah ditemui oleh pengembara terkenal Dr.Livingston pun hanya mampu mengira sampai 10 sahaja dan hampir tiada yang boleh mengira unit sehingga seratus.">Races
ever discovered by explorer Dr.Livingston was only able to count to 10
only and almost nothing that can count up to one hundred units . </span><span title="Namun di Madagaskar, suku-suku kaum asal yang tinggal di pulau tersebut mampu mengira sesuatu unit sehingga seratus ribu dibawah pengaruh orang Melayu yang berhijrah ke Madagaskar.">But
in Madagascar , indigenous tribes that lived on the island is able to
calculate the unit up to a hundred thousand under the influence of the
Malays who migrated to Madagascar . </span><span title="Tidak hairanlah perkataan untuk sepuluh ribu dan seratus ribu dalam bahasa Malagasi adalah jelas berasal dari perkataan melayu sanskrit.">No
wonder the word for ten thousand and one hundred thousand in the
Malagasy language is clearly derived from the Malay word Sanskrit.</span><span title="10- Pengkaji-pengkaji Royal Geographic Society seterusnya telah mengeluarkan pendapat bahawa pada suatu ketika dahulu mungkin sekumpulan pelayar-pelayar melayu terdampar di pulau Madagaskar akibat daripada gelora monsoon."> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="10- Pengkaji-pengkaji Royal Geographic Society seterusnya telah mengeluarkan pendapat bahawa pada suatu ketika dahulu mungkin sekumpulan pelayar-pelayar melayu terdampar di pulau Madagaskar akibat daripada gelora monsoon.">10
- Researchers next Royal Geographic Society has issued an opinion that
at one time may be a group of Malay sailors shipwrecked on the island of
Madagascar as a result of the turbulent monsoon . </span><span title="Oleh kerana bilangan mereka pada tersebut cukup banyak untuk memastikan keselamatan mereka dalam menghadapi ancaman suku kaum asal yang menetap di pulau tersebut, mereka mengambil keputusan untuk untuk menetap dan membina penempatan di pulau tersebut.">As
the number of them in the pretty much to ensure their safety in the
face of the threat of the original tribes who settled on the island,
they decided to settle down and build a settlement on the island.</span><span title="11- Setelah seberapa lama, kumpulan pelayar Melayu ini berjaya menguasai suku kaum - suku kaum ini malah kekal sebagai kasta yang memerintah."> </span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="11- Setelah seberapa lama, kumpulan pelayar Melayu ini berjaya menguasai suku kaum - suku kaum ini malah kekal sebagai kasta yang memerintah.">11 - After such time, the Malay sailors captured tribes - tribes remained even ruling caste . </span><span title="Kumpulan pelayar ini juga telah mengajar suku kaum - suku kaum ini dengan ilmu bercucuk tanam dan kegunaan jenis-jenis tanaman yang ditanam di bahagian-bahagian tertentu di pulau itu (memberi jawapan kenapa lanskap semulajadi bumi di Madagaskar berlainan dengan negara benua Afrika).">The
browser has also taught the tribes - tribes with farming knowledge and
use the types of crops grown in certain parts of the island ( to answer
why the natural landscape in Madagascar earth different countries of
Africa) . </span><span title="Melalui perkahwinan campur, akhirnya kumpulan pelayar melayu ini berintegrasi dengan suku kaum asal yang mendiami Madagaskar.">Through intermarriage , finally the Malay browser is integrated with the original tribes that inhabited Madagascar.</span></span><br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Melalui perkahwinan campur, akhirnya kumpulan pelayar melayu ini berintegrasi dengan suku kaum asal yang mendiami Madagaskar."> </span><span title="12- Saya seterusnya membuat sedikit pembacaan tentang sejarah pulau Madagaskar melalui Wikipedia.">12 - I subsequently made a little reading about the history of the island of Madagascar through Wikipedia. </span><span title="dan sememangnya terdapat sumber-sumber yang mengatakan bahawa orang-orang melayu telah lama berada di Madagaskar semasa pertama kali ianya ditemui oleh pelayar-pelayar Eropah.">and
of course there are sources that say that the Malays have long been in
Madagascar during the first time it was discovered by the European
sailors . </span><span title="Jared Diamond menulis didalam bukunya Guns, Gems & Steel: The Fate of Human Societies yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2001 dipetik seperti berikut:">Jared Diamond wrote in his book Guns, Gems & Steel : The Fate of Human Societies published in 2001, was quoted as follows :<br /><br /> </span><span title="These Austronesians, with their Austronesian language and modified Austronesian culture, were already established on Madagascar by the time it was first visited by Europeans, in 1500.">These
Austronesians, with Their Austronesian language and modified
Austronesian culture , were already established on Madagascar by the
time it was first visited by Europeans , in 1500. </span><span title="This strikes me as the single most astonishing fact of human geography for the entire world.">This strikes me as the single Most astonishing fact of human geography for the potentials world . </span><span title="It's as if Columbus, on reaching Cuba, had found it occupied by blue-eyed, blond-haired Scandinavians speaking a language close to Swedish, even though the nearby North American continent was inhabited by Native Americans speaking Amerindian languages">It's
as if Columbus , on reaching Cuba, found it limits Occupied by blue
-eyed , Blond - haired Scandinavians speaking a language close to
Swedish, even though the nearby North American continent was inhabited
by Native Americans speaking A Merindian languages.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="13- Melalui beberapa sumber yang saya baca lagi, cucu cicit pelayar-pelayar ini hari ini dikenali sebagai suku kaum Merina, suku kaum yang dianggap sebagai suku bangsawan dan aristokrat di Madagaskar.">13
- Through a number of sources that I read again , descendants of the
sailors is today known as the Merina tribe , tribes are considered noble
and aristocratic quarter in Madagascar . </span><span title="Suku kaum ini masih lagi kekal hari ini sebagai pemerintah di Madagaskar.">These tribes still remains today as the government in Madagascar. </span><span title="Menarik bukan?">Interesting?</span></span>Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-53045778326540282962011-05-23T08:54:00.000-07:002015-05-05T00:22:29.954-07:00History of Srivijaya<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/proxy/AVvXsEhWRJDpSjW0_9IbeS-meTF9pT_TZT3DaeHnWrJhFF9AjN394U2IhuC_o7ysztCvDM1lFNgg52Dh5_LtakzVp9DCTUpzGJYi93Ic_Gt3OqYbweOxfq72sd0ERPflL2iYpWMZXSTGhbnogrBZGKSwvtlKPQEapeGSoQ=" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/seasia/sailendra.gif" /></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Srivijaya was a Malay thalassocracy centered on Palembang
(Sumatra), existing from the 7th to the 13th C. The historical evidence is
scanty, consisting of a number of inscriptions, a few stories of mostly Chinese
visitors, archaeological evidence. It is believed that Madagascar was settled
by Sumatrans before the arrival of Indian religions on Sumatra. Srivijaya
expanded, annexing Melayu (Jambi) c. 680, taking control of the Malacca
Straits. A Chinese visitor around that time describes Palembang as a center of
Buddhist scholarship.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Srivijaya at its climax controlled
Sumatra, West Java, the westerly and northern coast of Borneo and the Malay
Peninsula. In the Malay Archipelago it had a rival in Sailendra, another
thalassocracy centered on Central Java, and after the latter's fall in 852, in
the Kingdom of Mataram, also concentrated on Central Java. When the Sailendra
Dynasty was ousted from Java in 852, they moved to Palembang and took over the
rule of Srivijaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">By 1200 Srivijaya was still a major
regional power, but the center had moved from Palembang to Jambi. In the course
of the 13th century Srivijaya disintegrated. The Kingdom of Palembang continued
to be identified with the name of Srivijaya; its territory was limited to
southeastern Sumatra without Lampung (to Pajajaran). In the north it bordered
on Jambi. In 1290 it was conquered by Singhasari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">Jambi, Palembang, Pajajaran and Malacca
may be regarded successor states of Srivijaya, indirectly also Brunei and the
Sultanates of North Sumatra such as Aceh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPylPm1kj5fU-XkIOZptipNLEB7z7vXI9LPE_0vTy4xgyKfKYBGo8owBzqUnwl-MMfOuwWKUfeJU-izZGV1wcvSPA566VcQPb5ubGnkZhOHDLfxoP86lq0_y4LG_uG58T7FfpQapNCgAdp/s1600/images.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPylPm1kj5fU-XkIOZptipNLEB7z7vXI9LPE_0vTy4xgyKfKYBGo8owBzqUnwl-MMfOuwWKUfeJU-izZGV1wcvSPA566VcQPb5ubGnkZhOHDLfxoP86lq0_y4LG_uG58T7FfpQapNCgAdp/s400/images.jpg" style="border-style: none; position: relative;" width="400" /></a></span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Is this a replica of the palace of Malacca meets the original architecture?</span></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></span></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">This time I will show you an article on the construction of the glory of Malacca.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The bulk of this sketch has not been published by any party in our country because it can be said to be fresh from a primary source obtained from the Netherlands and Portugal.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>So you lucky to be looked at here.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>But this is only a small portion of the many sketches that successfully brought home by the researcher team of the University.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Hopefully this article I thought we could open the box with a wider civilization of the Malay race in the past.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG0CF9so1pbnux7FFEK_JGyAuDqEt6unBELVZ80NN0YqK4IPIwmgsYiawzDV66fT_HNmCRoJ_pFLpvrxcrYPdg_hMdN-oP-72AlwsdTbHVTO6YGm3tqtrbWgb6vU81GRD0m5aqYoBfg7AA/s1600/Small+SB+8+004.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG0CF9so1pbnux7FFEK_JGyAuDqEt6unBELVZ80NN0YqK4IPIwmgsYiawzDV66fT_HNmCRoJ_pFLpvrxcrYPdg_hMdN-oP-72AlwsdTbHVTO6YGm3tqtrbWgb6vU81GRD0m5aqYoBfg7AA/s400/Small+SB+8+004.jpg" style="border-style: none; position: relative;" width="400" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sketches showing the city of Malacca at the time of Portuguese colonial rule.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sketches made to record the attack on the Fleet Aceh Darussalam during the siege to the city for about a year.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">In this sketch there appears a thrower of weapons used by the military Acheh.</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Actually, when an Italian explorer named Ludovico Vertema visited Melaka between the years<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b>1506 to 1510, the Portuguese often sent spies into the personal lives of Malacca to find information on the progress of trade, society and the state of Malacca.</b><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The important information carried by the Portuguese who came to Malacca in 1506 and 1508 was about the defense strategy of Malacca.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Some of the sketches on the form and building cities, palaces and the position of the port city of Melaka successfully recorded.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Among these sketches suggest a city wall and gates Melaka strong and built from local materials such as laterite stone.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Construction materials is already widely available in Singapore.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Both of Jorge Mello traveler who came in 1507, and Jorge De Aguilar came in 1508, has been sending information to a government historian of Joan De Barros Portugal.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">From a sketch made, it proves the technology at the time of the Malays.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Physical development and infrastructure, Singapore was a security feature robust and comparable to the cities in other Asian countries.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In this case, the possibility of getting government Malacca Gujarati labor of people who are famous not only as traders but also as a craftsman builder of houses and buildings.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It also reflects the existence of the spirit of close cooperation between the artisans Malay Muslims in Singapore and India in terms of urban and port development pentadbiranya according to Islamic law.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">The information obtained from a sketch published in the Netherlands in 1508 also showed that the gateway to the city of Melaka is now actually not from the original Portuguese building materials.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Based on a sketch found through research that was done,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>found the original construction of the Malacca Portuguese destroyed have been replaced and modified by the Portuguese architecture.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The same architecture is seen in Goa, Macao and Ternate.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>This information is quite proud of the Malay Archipelago in particular and in general because of this sketch a proof of the civilization of Malacca at that time.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Means that the sketch represents how the ability of the Malays exhibit the ability to race and pride of his country on par with other nations.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In this case, the information recorded in the history of the Malay Hikayat Hang Tuah and able to record the achievement of Malay culture and civilization at the time.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Sketches of Portuguese also record the events that occurred between the wars with the Portuguese fleet of Malacca.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>From the sketch shown that the cannons from the ship to destroy the Portuguese strongholds of Malacca and the defense of the ships owned by a Muslim merchant.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In the sketches were also<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>seen dikejauhan buildings in the port city of Malacca and Singapore.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>It is clear from the sketch there is a banggunan a dome and minarets of the mosques of Malacca is likely or even castles.There are also many other buildings that line up the look of stone or concrete and more than two floors, this building was probably a palace of the sultan or a building in the complex populous port city of Melaka.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9_BZnUCiuIofc6_Ujli6hj2pVlTk5y7dxVAiJqTrKjGRGtvQ944jrOAgpVjJTRbMUGFIFeZ-SMcZn_lLcuSEDddEfHha-pErODsAmoQ_4kpj6u4ULjkynpYpZvOgnJX4GjN-GauSSg45i/s1600/Small+SB+8+002+%25282%2529ccc.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9_BZnUCiuIofc6_Ujli6hj2pVlTk5y7dxVAiJqTrKjGRGtvQ944jrOAgpVjJTRbMUGFIFeZ-SMcZn_lLcuSEDddEfHha-pErODsAmoQ_4kpj6u4ULjkynpYpZvOgnJX4GjN-GauSSg45i/s320/Small+SB+8+002+%25282%2529ccc.jpg" style="border-style: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The above sketch shows the Portuguese fleet attack against the city of Malacca.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Number of number of vessels in a sketch show not only the Portuguese soldiers involved in the attacks, but may also mercenaries.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-QAW_TOFfhyphenhyphencz7hFyWuDRpCoP43sfpq2hBeN13DS4wt7TLcQPVbDTnpjmt_Y16JRF92xBtqzYe-pR9-0v40euXMfmlTdfX99Y-L9ALuuzlm034icByT7Aix21sc1B_faYSdkLizrjd0Pc/s1600/Small+SB+8+002g.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-QAW_TOFfhyphenhyphencz7hFyWuDRpCoP43sfpq2hBeN13DS4wt7TLcQPVbDTnpjmt_Y16JRF92xBtqzYe-pR9-0v40euXMfmlTdfX99Y-L9ALuuzlm034icByT7Aix21sc1B_faYSdkLizrjd0Pc/s320/Small+SB+8+002g.jpg" style="border-style: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">If you all look exactly the sketch attack the Portuguese fleet, you will be able to see from a distance at the port of Malacca series of large buildings, multi-level and also vaulted and has a few towers.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Could this be a palace or mosque Singapore real?</span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Melaka event of war have also recorded with sketches were made by the Portuguese.The sketch shows the strategy of the Portuguese attack on the city of Malacca and Singapore as well as how those strategies to defend their town ranks of warriors and the warriors show even a war elephant.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In this context, a form of carriage device strapped to the elephants and the captain-commander issued to carry out attacks against the Portuguese troops who are ready to face the attacks of Malacca.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>These sketches also<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>show how different attack strategies used by the Portuguese and the people of Malacca.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Portuguese seem to use tactics of attack, while the Malays are more defensive.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Based on these sketches, we can see the weapons used by both sides.Portuguese term used lebing commonly used in Europe, while the Malays use a spear or spear is shorter.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>What is interesting is to<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>look Melaka city wall has been built with local materials such as bricks and laterite.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The wall design also shows the structure of the building which is equipped with reconnaissance places at certain angles.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>While the architecture in the city seems Malay houses are owned by the administrator and the merchant.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW1AEXqF5AI6fFDJvVE11TAFhGnjhZ7rd4KkyleIEL5hf9hxHKTa7Zhyht9qQC8i302T9YnMTqhhCJIUXoFoulSTCn1SEdYe7MC3yAxRqzfCrahFGFNr6rySsL7eQPgwC1Aqsumv9o_0N4/s1600/Small+SB+8+003.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration: none;"><img border="0" height="236" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW1AEXqF5AI6fFDJvVE11TAFhGnjhZ7rd4KkyleIEL5hf9hxHKTa7Zhyht9qQC8i302T9YnMTqhhCJIUXoFoulSTCn1SEdYe7MC3yAxRqzfCrahFGFNr6rySsL7eQPgwC1Aqsumv9o_0N4/s320/Small+SB+8+003.jpg" style="border-style: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sketch shows the military events of the Portuguese attack on the city of Malacca.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">This sketch is the first time we discovered by historians.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">So far most of the sketches that we find there is a picture painter.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">But the sketch is believed to be contemporaneous with the events of the actual sketches.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Therefore we can assume that this is a picture of a sketch artist at a time when those who are.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">There is another sketch secured by my professor and peprustakaan archives in Lisbon and the Netherlands.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Visit of representatives of the Portuguese traders in 1509 Lopez De Sequeiraa to Melaka city traditionally celebrated the greatness of VIPs from outside the state have drawn.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In this sketch he was honored to ride an elephant who became one of the Malay kingdom of Transportation official.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>In the march towards the palace of Malacca, the Portuguese delegation accompanied De Sequera.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>This sketch shows the architecture of the city walls and gates of the palace of the sultan of Malacca is made of building materials is strong.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Based on these sketches,<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>the wall of the building materials are of local white stone.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>While the Palace of the Sultan of Malacca is also made of the same materials.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Therefore, the court found Melaka in Malacca is now not meet the original architecture of the palace is made almost entirely of bricks.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The parade attracted a surprising number of people of Malacca to the Portuguese arrival.In the sketch tersenut also shows the guards and the warlords outside the gates of Malacca carry spears and bows are very large.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>They also wear more than par lutu and the other wrapped around the waist with a pattern.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Do not change their clothes as clothes Roman times.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Istana Melaka has sketched a balcony or berandah overlooking the port and the sultan was seen sitting on the Balcony while awaiting the arrival ofthe Portuguese<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>envoy<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>with the ministers and warlords.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The castle was also stratified according to the word in Malay History.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><img border="0" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihn_EhovZwiRqD_lCmp34q2HuYAReHZXfis2lQmcZ_Ofl-Vx7Q0jJ5pYD6pOPBh_emhGIBlC_a90trQkAZdqt2E5suOacJi4CqIxV59lcKZhA-Vf-LEcwm9lfOXkSy4CN7zVHNd9tKjz9y/s320/Small+SB+8+001.jpg" width="320" /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sketches showing the procession to the Istana Melaka Portuguese envoys witnessed by the people of Malacca.</span><span style="font-size: x-small;">Interestingly the population melaka are surprised to see White Bengalis are also listed in Malay History.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: x-small;">More attention is building the Palace of Sultan of Malacca.</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">But the all-reader, now has missed maybe a quarter of the questions about the greatness of the city of Melaka is often speculated in the records of foreign travelers and the.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>We can also look in more detail how to build it fast and Town of Malacca and the defense system of the sketches that I show.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Hopefully it will benefit you to all members.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Wallah hu knows best.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Source: http://lokalgenius.blogspot.com/ </span></span></span></div>
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</div>Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-53976805433228021242010-12-08T03:11:00.000-08:002010-12-08T03:18:01.997-08:00MALAY INFLUENCE IN THE COMMUNITY Bugis-Makassar<span style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;font-family:'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif;font-size:13px;" ><div class="post-body entry-content" style="width: 510px; line-height: 1.4; position: relative;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;font-family:'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif;font-size:13px;" ><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Salam, I came across an article that is interesting after following the link provided by Miss MO Kowloon from blog comments.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>I think this article makes it very attractive when posting here because it is a study that could open the minds of young Malays, especially in Malaysia which still do not know Who is the Malay race and the contribution of people who say this stagnant and lazy person.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>The following are articles taken from the Malay Porch Blog:</span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span><span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;font-family:'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif;font-size:13px;" ><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span style="font-size:100%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 18px;font-family:'Trebuchet MS',Trebuchet,sans-serif;font-size:13px;" ><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbajUl_ayN_teiLO-Py3zB1ehYIDb5_Q6tSWw7WKqUD-0kr1NbFQOYy5N-AsPW_bVKnIHsK-jYKvUXrhzrHoUDioiOAwXD2BV3YvfH4kkSMm2PywusYLknpkMHpnbOX18wvEZiN8ZCOlgv/s1600/bugis_couple.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbajUl_ayN_teiLO-Py3zB1ehYIDb5_Q6tSWw7WKqUD-0kr1NbFQOYy5N-AsPW_bVKnIHsK-jYKvUXrhzrHoUDioiOAwXD2BV3YvfH4kkSMm2PywusYLknpkMHpnbOX18wvEZiN8ZCOlgv/s400/bugis_couple.jpg" style="border-style: none; position: relative;" border="0" height="400" width="308" /></a></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Indeed, the presence of nobility Bugis-Makassar Malay Archipelago is like the phenomenon of reverse flow of history.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>Long before they enter the heart of the power of the Malays, the Malays, who first role in local dynamics in the state of Bugis-Makassar.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1zNd6br2s5SnGgILjtP0E9JQXedbr6nTUY5ltJt-_pCQFv4ljHfF4wiJJj8zyqV8g99xoNCAR-_DzD6rK1CC1w7EMXH1s_5UIZWCd7QMow2L2Q6PwCTUCNOFXG8fEAtkciAB_esvx92s4/s1600/pakaian.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1zNd6br2s5SnGgILjtP0E9JQXedbr6nTUY5ltJt-_pCQFv4ljHfF4wiJJj8zyqV8g99xoNCAR-_DzD6rK1CC1w7EMXH1s_5UIZWCd7QMow2L2Q6PwCTUCNOFXG8fEAtkciAB_esvx92s4/s400/pakaian.jpg" style="border-style: none; position: relative;" border="0" height="400" width="253" /></a></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Following the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese (1511), not a few relatives who went to court several points of the compass.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>Some groups traveled to the South.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>Kingdom of Gowa in the area they live in Salojo, coastal areas in the village Sanrobone Makassar.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Mukhlis PaEni search results, historian, social anthropologist from the University of Hasanuddin, shows that until 1615 the economic cycle, especially antarpulau trade through the port of Makassar, is controlled by Malays.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>New in 1621 the Bugis-Makassar took an important part in world trade and shipping in the archipelago.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ecEk7_TojuJ9uUnrEkNyxYNvN7rtHJYtJo02of_mxW2SdXrRVBxoRAXJnia552tohj0xtJbWjf1f4VXgCZr0IbHAknj5r_OQdzFUMEgsdAIM-Qprq2XMmqMegCqG9yqHrsSibdYeyQ3O/s1600/imagesCA7N2O1A.jpg" style="text-decoration: none; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7ecEk7_TojuJ9uUnrEkNyxYNvN7rtHJYtJo02of_mxW2SdXrRVBxoRAXJnia552tohj0xtJbWjf1f4VXgCZr0IbHAknj5r_OQdzFUMEgsdAIM-Qprq2XMmqMegCqG9yqHrsSibdYeyQ3O/s400/imagesCA7N2O1A.jpg" style="border-style: none; position: relative;" border="0" height="300" width="400" /></a></div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>"Since the arrival of the Malays in the Kingdom of Gowa, their role not only in trade and the spread of religion, but also in socio-cultural, even in the bureaucracy.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>In the Government's power structure Gowa, many Malays who plays an important role in the palace, "said Mukhlis, who also is Chief Historian Indonesia Society (MSI).</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>At the time of King Gowa X (1546-1565), for example, a descendant of mixed Malay-Bajau Makassar very reputable name I Mangambari Kare Mangaweang Harbour Master was appointed to the Government Gowa-2.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>Since that time, said Mukhlis, a hereditary position held by the port master of the Malays, to Syahbandar Incek Husa when the Government was defeated in the war against Gowa VOC in 1669.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Another important department is the court clerk, when the Incek Amin served at the time of Sultan Hasanuddin (1653-1669).</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>The jury wrote in the castle is very famous through his poetry is very beautiful, Shair Mangkasar War, tells the last moment the Government of Gowa in 1669.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>According to Mukhlis, the main contribution of the Malay Archipelago in the eastern region are not limited to the areas of trade and the spread of Islam, but also in the field of education and culture.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>During that period the religious papers and literature translated into Malay of Bugis.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Intellectual tradition is continued until the 19th century.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>One of them, I rewrite La Galigo-Bugis literature touted as the greatest literary works of the literary treasures of Indonesia, in 1860 by a nobleman named Bugis from Tanate Collipujie Sporting Pancana Toa Tanate Datu.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>"But, who actually called the noble character of this Bugis?</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>It is Ratna Kencana.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>His mother was Siti Jauhar Manikan, daughter of Ali Abdullah Datu Incek Customs, Harbour Master Makassar XIX century, which no other descendants of the Malay-Bugis-Makassar Johor bleeding, "said Mukhlis.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>In the process of acculturation and the marriage between the Malays and the Bugis-Makassar, the birth of "new generation" of Bugis-Makassar Malay descent.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>They are generally known as community groups tubaji (Makassar) or tudeceng (Bugis).</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>In their social structure occupies a respectable position, not even a little into the structure of the aristocracy.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>When Fort Somba Opu fall and be subject to the Sultan Hasanuddin content Bongaya agreement, community groups "the Malay-Bugis-Makassar" This is a driver of migration among the aristocracy of Gowa Kingdom.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>However, regardless of the kind of "reverse flow", the mixed marriage-Bugis-Makassar Malays has produced what he called a new society Mukhlis PaEni archipelago.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>"In itself the tubaji / tudeceng blood flowing intellectual Malays, Bugis-Makassar mingled heroism and wisdom of the Bajau.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>History records the presence of this new society Nusantara Nusantara important role in the history of XVIII-XIX centuries.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>This role has been continuing until now, "said Mukhlis PaEni.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Diaspora Bugis-Makassar is a necessity, part of the history of this nation find keindonesiaannya.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>And, indeed, should be recognized, they are products of the birth of the dynamics of pluralistic society the history of the archipelago.</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></div></div></span></span></span>Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-30689836678205121832010-10-31T05:58:00.000-07:002010-10-31T06:09:54.907-07:00Sabah and the Sultanate of Sulu<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia6ZtjoYadqROVOTahjcG2_PljgLwRDUNhfXq69faYiR7aS0cAyvxqrLgcvxrQl5prRozPxbx0cPeA8qxtj19FyYkjPXfGmQe1X7kDuFmIJ0GtcAwRuRHhkd1bFfyT6uJJ5J_kr6er8-c/s1600/Untitled.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 270px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEia6ZtjoYadqROVOTahjcG2_PljgLwRDUNhfXq69faYiR7aS0cAyvxqrLgcvxrQl5prRozPxbx0cPeA8qxtj19FyYkjPXfGmQe1X7kDuFmIJ0GtcAwRuRHhkd1bFfyT6uJJ5J_kr6er8-c/s320/Untitled.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5534196708950740050" border="0" /></a>Around the era 1450an, an Arab from Johor, Shari'ful Hashem Syed Abu Bakr, arrived in Sulu. In 1457, he established the sultanate of Sulu and wear the title "Paduka Maulana Sharif Sultan Hashem Mahasari Abu Bakr." The title "Royal" is a local term which means master, while "Mahasari" means the Pertua.<br /><br />In 1703, the Sultanate of Brunei bestows eastern Sabah to the Sulu Sultanate for the assistance they defeated a rebellion in Brunei. In the same year, the Sultanate of Sulu, Palawan Island awarded the Sultan of the Sultanate of Maguindanao Qudarat as a wedding gift to daughter Qudarat Sultan of Sulu and Maguindanao as well as federal prize of Sulu. Sultan Qudarat then offered Palawan to Spain.<br /><br />When the British administration, Sandakan has been leased by the Sultan of Sulu to the UK. The lease is said to be for a period without the limitations expressed in the triad of the sentence "so long as the moon and the stars". When the Federation of Malaysia was formed in 1963, Sabah liberated from the UK and included in the Malaysian federation. Thus, the lease to the British that even transferred to Pakistan as well. It is said that the lease price is paid by the government of Pakistan to the heirs of the Sultan of Sulu RM5300.00 per year. However, as there are some individuals who claimed himself as the rightful heir of the Sultanate of Sulu, the charge delivered to the trustee.<br /><br />Several years ago the government was shocked by the claims of the heirs of the sultanate of Sulu claimed that the state of Sabah. To date, the Philippine government itself has claimed rights over Sabah and demanded from the government.<br /><br />Regional government of Sulu islands extending from Mindanau up to the provinces west coast of Sabah, is now only a memory of history. Center to rule on the island of Sulu have been colonized by the Philippine government. Rakya Sulu were scattered. Partly to escape to Sabah, and most live in the country in a state of being colonized. Some of the others rose to bear arms and form a group of fighters. While Sabah, was written in international law as belonging to Malaysia. At least so accepted by the world community so far.<br /><br />Now, individuals who claim to be legitimate heirs of the Sulu sultanate had no self-governing territories. There are Filipinos who hold passports, and there is a hold Maykad Malaysia. Although they do not have a state, they still aspire to get the right government of Sabah. Their claim on Sabah into laughter of many people including the people of Sabah state government center itself because they were still gripped by the Philippine government administration, all of a sudden they throw the claim on Sabah.<br /><br />There are suggestions for the Sultan of Sulu was admitted to the Sultan of Sabah. Thus, Sabah will be like the Malay states in the peninsula have their sultan, however, this proposal is just a coffee shop talk. Government of Pakistan have never had an interest in this idea.<br /><br />Sultanate era has passed. Sultan is today a heritage that is preserved and does not know how long it will remain. Will not happen again as the old days where a sultan of the area and named a new empire. People of a country in the world today is to gain exposure and knowledge is no longer a soulless servant of the main characteristics of the people who bersultan. People would rather choose a leader from among themselves the merits of the law.<br /><br />Now no longer the time between the two grades to determine who is in power. There are people who are richer than the reigning Sultan in his palace. There are people who are smarter and learn more from the family palace. There are people more influential than the elected Sultan. Previously, the daughter of his wife's most prestigious women rajalah and a dream to be married people Mat Jenin. Now the women singers is more interested in the Dato 'against the sultan's daughter!<br /><br />What is thankfully for the people to elect the Sultan of Sulu, the Sultan of Sabah? Besides being a waste of state money, he just turn back the action. The benefits, if any exist, merely theoretical. There are allegations that the Sultan is the symbol of that land belongs to whom. Just proud of who owned the land, what is the use. Everyone knows the Red-Indian people are the original owners of the earth, the United States. But, what is the use title if the original owners of the destitute in their own land. Some people justify the existence of the sultan to protect the sovereignty of the nation. Ostensibly, the property will be protected land in Sabah and not falling into Chinese hands, as now. Such allegations may be disputed. If we look at the states in Peninsular Malaysia is the Sultan though, to transfer land to a foreign nation to remain valid. In the state, how many of the hill in the Cameron Highlands who belong to the Chinese gambling taukeh. In the state of Johor, an area of land allocated to berekar-acre urban development as the owner Alexander is certainly not the Malays. Some, relatives istanalah result in the loss of a savage natives of the land holdings of their own country.<br /><br />Islam teaches us to choose the person best qualified to lead. When leaders are not elected members, the Prophet said in his hadis, wait Sa'at destruction and devastation. Membership of leadership is not measured by blood and descent. Nothing to be proud of the descendants of blood and Sultan. The descendants of the sons of Adam and equipment. Blood is still red. From a different angle, the descendants of the Sultan is no better than ordinary people. If the origin ditoleh how a sultan began to exist in the Malay community, it starts from the history of the conflict. At times people use the law of the jungle, he is a strong one win, one is rich he is in power, the chiefs of the various groups came to dominate and oppress the people sometimes.<br /><br />The leaders, backed by the Zionist circles that are fed by real or motivated by interest or fear. Perhaps the only head of a group of prominent settlers clearing new land. Perhaps he is the head of a group of bandits and pirates who seized and pillaged the people. People fear them and need protection from them. For security very seriously, shed their allegiance to. The process of history has changed the status of the leaders of leaders 'gedebe' in this society that later became nobility dirajakan. Islam mempermolek label them with the sultanate.<br /><br />Thus, the sultan is not divine beings who fell from the sky. That picture of the palace at the time of Hindus in the Malay world. Gods metos only Hindus. Then, after Islam, built metos baru.Kononnya origins descendants of the Malay rulers were from Bukit Sigungtang Mahameru. The descendants of the alleged Sapurba descended from Alexander the Great and daughter of Bahri Aqtabul of the Indian country there. Story of the palace was raised pembodek engineering master's degrees.<br /><br />Thus, if you want to appoint Sultan, look for the highest merit in the community. The reality of world politics today, this person is no longer called the sultan. Sultan is coming from a particular lineage. Because non-noble and great pedigree lineage that gave birth to the sultans, the basis of what we imprison our minds looking for the descendants of the Sultan of Sulu for the drops was named in the State. Even if their fathers had served a privileged position in the Sulu region, their ancestral ones that sell, lease and release of land pegangangan Sabah. After all, their ancestors were not native born on earth, Sulu.<br /><br />Did not founder of the first that is Sulu Arab nations and from Johor? Who is he, not mendetailkan history. Perhaps traders. Perhaps, an outcast. Originally the name of Arab, Malay ancient times was very impressed and respectful. We are more familiar with the character and temperament of the Arabs in an open world today.<br /><br />In conclusion, the story is the story of the history of the sultanate of Sulu. We are moving forward and not have to go back to back. Our country has been independent and free. Free from the shackles of colonialism. Also free from government tyranny is the name of the sultanate. People have got the right to speak and to choose the leader of his own choice. Do not we terhimbau with a slice of the epic story narrated by the authors of the past that reflects the glorious reign of the Sultanate. It is not the glory of the people, but the golden elite of elected governments and proud relatives and their descendants.Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-91137976587989575362010-09-08T06:24:00.000-07:002010-09-08T06:36:32.989-07:00Silat Malaysia - The History and Development of Martial Arts<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikK59j_5zfvL0OmuxE8Ln-a2fQRvWlNCv8soQXBVXBsmOl3TgsnCP8QW8ED_3wir_EkxF7Vecrb3f7-GL9Q_1_K0NSpJV6iY150km_Cn9Ni86IL_zkuUg_acu-HjfWi8UYro2JlGR8GDU/s1600/silat2.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 318px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikK59j_5zfvL0OmuxE8Ln-a2fQRvWlNCv8soQXBVXBsmOl3TgsnCP8QW8ED_3wir_EkxF7Vecrb3f7-GL9Q_1_K0NSpJV6iY150km_Cn9Ni86IL_zkuUg_acu-HjfWi8UYro2JlGR8GDU/s320/silat2.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5514534708092313458" border="0" /></a>Since Silat Malaysia has been recognized throughout the world, was regarded as a form of martial arts of Malaysia. Silat and strong in tradition and cultural society of Malaysia. In fact, Silat has left its mark in the feet of many civilizations, Asian countries such as Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei and the Philippines, but the association and involvement with the people of Malaysia and the unusual culture and therefore be highly recognized. In Malaysia, about 20% of schools offering training in Silat.<br /><br />Initially, the culture of Malaysian Silat is being promoted between the government and the family dynasty. Silat training is a sign of their dominance and authority over others. Those who used to achieve great heights in the study of martial arts, are well known and also given the advantage by the King. At that time, the master Silat is a sign of crowned heads and rulers. Among the weapons, which are used for silat training in ancient times, rattan shields or breastplates are the most common weapon mentioned.<br /><br />Today, Malaysian Silat is a very famous form of martial arts, all over the world. Secret of success is based on a system set in the martial syllabus. Malaysian Silat system for silat exponent consists of seven different levels that can be identified and the belt system from the white, blue, brown, yellow, green, red and ending with a black belt. Each topic will be studied martial to seven different topics such as:<br /><br />1. Flowers (silat and columns attacking the defensive)<br />2. Practice (the art of attack and defense both with weapons or empty hands)<br />3. Belebat (received attack techniques and how to fight back)<br />4. Site (the pattern of steps in the martial arts movements)<br />5. Fruit Jam (immediate action to defend ourselves)<br />6. Art Combat (fighting arts)<br />7. Combat Bela Diri (speed and strength of the movement of self-defense fighter)<br /><br />Each exponential martial learn various styles of attack and defensive skills such as Do (to avoid motion technique), defense (blocking technique), Arrests (fishing technique), Cut (counter-strike), ramp (berserk with due diligent) and weapons systems such as sickle, sword, bludgeon, short wave keris or daggers, rope, wood is made of hard wood, straight kris with spearhead and Trisula. Practical self defense, armed self-defense and knife defense system itself will also be provided at all levels of martial arts.<br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKwBqUZmLhi6ct_zqT5HNCMXm80CThknilmjaeaAo7lJWnsF_PF3JHzECS-0Y-zYY07nqBRvherYB3dXvwIrt0b76W2u86R5EDxfQP_N6MgpbxfuzDu9Mu1uZsoXiohc1ni1WgpRUQElw/s1600/f_pg02silat.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 274px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKwBqUZmLhi6ct_zqT5HNCMXm80CThknilmjaeaAo7lJWnsF_PF3JHzECS-0Y-zYY07nqBRvherYB3dXvwIrt0b76W2u86R5EDxfQP_N6MgpbxfuzDu9Mu1uZsoXiohc1ni1WgpRUQElw/s320/f_pg02silat.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5514535999571970658" border="0" /></a><br />This will make each silat exponent is ready to receive one attack on one or the strike group for each level syllabus will explain how to handle every situation like the battle in the war. As a curriculum based on the martial art of war of the Malay civilization thousands of years ago, it is important to know that the Malaysian Silat taught their students that prevention is better than cure. This is better to avoid fighting more involved in it. This is not allowed to hurt or kill others unless the hopeless situation in which there is no other option to defend themselves. Combat is a last resort when no other solutions to protect them from dibunuh.ly entrenched in the Traditions and culture of Pakistan Civilization. Though, Silat has left its footprints in many civilizations of other Asian countries such as Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei and Philippines, but its association and Involvement with the Malaysian population and culture is hid and hence so highly acknowledged. In Australia, around 20% of the total number of schools existent offers training in Silat.<br /><br />Originally, in Malaysian silat culture was promoted more among the royal families and dynasties. Silat training was the mark of their superiority and authority over the others. People, who used to achieve great heights in learning this martial art form, were highly reputed and were also commencement merits by the King. In that era, mastering Silat was the mark of the crowned Heads and sovereigns. Among the weapons, which were used during Silat training in the ancient times, Rattan Shield or breastplates were the most common weapons to mention.<br /><br />Today, Malaysian Silat is a very well known martial art form, throughout the world. The secrets of this success are based on the system that laid down in the martial syllabus. The Malaysian Silat system for silat exponent consists of seven different levels that can be identified and ranked using the system starting from white belt, blue, brown, yellow, green, red and ending with black belt. Every martial topics will be majoring to seven different topics such as:<br /><br />1. Flower (the pillars of martial attacking and Defensive Positions)<br />2. Practice (the art of attack and defense Weapon using either hand or new)<br />3. Belebat (the techniques of receiving strikes and how to counter it back)<br />4. Site (the step pattern in silat movements)<br />5. Fruit Jam (the fast action of self-defense)<br />6. Combat Art (the art of combat)<br />7. Combat Bela Diri (the speed and power movements of self-defense combat)<br /><br />Every martial arts exponent will learn different style of attacking and Defensive skills such as Do (avoiding technique movements), defense (blocking techniques), Snapshot (CATCHING techniques), Cut (counter-strike), ramp (Rampage with due diligent) and weaponry system such as sickle, sword, cudgel, or a short wavy Kris Dagger, rope, walking stick made of hardwood, Dagger with straight cutting edge and trident. The practical self-defense, unarmed self-defense and self defense knife system will also be given in each martial level.<br /><br />This will make every silat exponent Receive ready to strike any one on either one or in group strikes as every level of the syllabus will explain how to handle every situation just like fighting in the war. As the martial arts curriculum is based from the art of war of Civilization news from thousands of years ago, it is important to know that Malaysian Silat teach their students that prevention is better than Cure. It is better to avoid a fight rather get involved in it. It is prohibited to harm or kill others except in desperate situation where there is no other choice to Defend yourself. Fighting is the last choice when there is no other solution to Defend them from being killed.Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-85839204059607042152010-09-07T05:48:00.001-07:002010-09-07T09:25:58.385-07:00Origin of the Malay<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSrLr1ulyygVNsnPCPCj0c68zD5MsjkrU-6OwrssdVnbBS3zUG5VF29rgQ-edYTeOnfajnZ1Uith11ATODZjv8rFkyBhC7bbSmIawIRQk9yDEd9olnVnLLjryPlxBUQ78Mq-2AolnXxDs/s1600/Malayarch.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 239px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSrLr1ulyygVNsnPCPCj0c68zD5MsjkrU-6OwrssdVnbBS3zUG5VF29rgQ-edYTeOnfajnZ1Uith11ATODZjv8rFkyBhC7bbSmIawIRQk9yDEd9olnVnLLjryPlxBUQ78Mq-2AolnXxDs/s320/Malayarch.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5514208657657545298" border="0" /></a>The study found that the Malay language is derived from the Modern and Classical Malay language Malay language Malay language is derived from the Classical Master. Malay Language Master comes from the ancient Malay language which is the origin of the Old Malay language. The study also showed that modern Malay is not a development of the Johor-Riau dialect of Malay and Modern not so closely related to other dialects (Da, Db, and DN). Other dialects of Malay origin, while holding Johor-Riau dialect of Malay origin Classic.<br />The following will show how the migration of Malays from the Middle East.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">The Malays are the original Negrito </span><br /><br />According to Asmah Haji Omar before migration occurs from Asia, the Malay Archipelago (Nusantara) has is the residents who later named as the native population. There are historians who say that people who lived in the Malay Peninsula is known as the Negrito. Negrito people are estimated to have been there since 8000 BC (Before Christ). They live in caves and hunting animals for their livelihood. Their hunting tool made of stone, this time called the Middle Stone Age. In NSW for example, in the year 5000 BC, which is the period Paleolit and Mesolit, was inhabited by Austronesian people who down the Negrito, Sakai, Semai, and so on.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">The second is that the original Proto-Malays </span><br /><br />Based on the opinion says that the Malays originated from Central Asia, the migration of the (first) predicted in 2500 BC. They are then named as the Proto-Malay. Proto-Malay civilization is more advanced some of the Negrito. Proto-Malays were good at making farming tools, pottery, jewelry and tools. Semi-nomadic life. Their age is called Neolithic or New Stone Age.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(204, 0, 0);">The third motion is the Malay-Deutro </span><br />The second migration from Asia said the region is estimated Yunan took place in 1500 BC. They called Malay-Deutro and had a more advanced civilization of the Proto-Malay. Malay-Deutro was about metal culture. They had been hunting and agricultural use of iron. Age Age of them is called Metal. They live along the coast and spread across the Malay Archipelago.<br /><br />The arrival of the Malay-Deutro this by itself has led to the migration of the Proto-Malays to the interior according to their way of life of semi-nomadic. Unlike Proto-Malay, Malay-Deutro live in clusters and reside in a place to live. Those who live by the beach of life as a fisherman and some villages near the river and establish a fertile valley. Their lives as farmers and hunt animals. Malays-Deutro community has been good. They usually choose a leader of his duties as head of government and religious leaders as well. That their religion is animism anuti time.Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-14180695022958439742010-08-19T03:43:00.000-07:002011-11-15T04:08:03.013-08:00Asal Usul Melayu (2)Kajian mendapati bahawa bahasa Melayu Moden berasal daripada bahasa Melayu Klasik dan bahasa Melayu Klasik berasal daripada bahasa Melayu Induk. Bahasa Melayu Induk berasal daripada bahasa Melayu Purba yang juga merupakan asal daripada bahasa Melayu Kuno. Kajian ini juga memperlihatkan bahawa bahasa Melayu Moden bukanlah merupakan pengembangan daripada dialek Johor-Riau dan bahasa Melayu Moden tidak begitu rapat hubungannya dengan dialek yang lain (Da, Db, dan Dn). Dialek yang lain berasal daripada Melayu Induk manakala dialek Johor-Riau berasal daripada Melayu Klasik.<br />
Berikut ini akan diperlihatkan cara perpindahan orang Melayu dari Asia Tengah tersebut.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Asal orang Melayu adalah Orang Negrito</span><br />
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Menurut pendapat Asmah Haji Omar sebelum perpindahan penduduk dari Asia berlaku, Kepulauan Melayu (Nusantara) ini telah ada penghuninya yang kemudian dinamai sebagai penduduk asli. Ada ahli sejarah yang mengatakan bahawa mereka yang tinggal di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ini dikenali sebagai orang Negrito. Orang Negrito ini diperkirakan telah ada sejak tahun 8000 SM (Sebelum Masihi). Mereka tinggal di dalam gua dan mata pencarian mereka memburu binatang. Alat perburuan mereka diperbuat daripada batu dan zaman ini disebut sebagai Zaman Batu Pertengahan. Di Kedah sebagai contoh, pada tahun 5000 SM, iaitu pada Zaman Paleolit dan Mesolit, telah didiami oleh orang Austronesia yang menurunkan orang Negrito, Sakai, Semai, dan sebagainya.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold;">Asal yang kedua ialah Melayu-Proto</span><br />
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Berdasarkan pendapat yang mengatakan bahawa orang Melayu ini berasal dari Asia Tengah, perpindahan tersebut (yang pertama) diperkirakan pada tahun 2500 SM. Mereka ini kemudian dinamai sebagai Melayu-Proto. Peradaban orang Melayu-Proto ini lebih maju sedikit daripada orang Negrito. Orang Melayu-Proto telah pandai membuat alat bercucuk tanam, membuat barang pecah belah, dan alat perhiasan. Kehidupan mereka berpindah-randah. Zaman mereka ini dinamai Zaman Neolitik atau Zaman Batu Baru.<br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Usul yang ketiga ialah Melayu-Deutro</span><br />
Perpindahan penduduk yang kedua dari Asia yang dikatakan dari daerah Yunan diperkirakan berlaku pada tahun 1500 SM. Mereka dinamai Melayu-Deutro dan telah mempunyai peradaban yang lebih maju daripada Melayu-Proto. Melayu-Deutro telah mengenal kebudayaan logam. Mereka telah menggunakan alat perburuan dan pertanian daripada besi. Zaman mereka ini dinamai Zaman Logam. Mereka hidup di tepi pantai dan menyebar hampir di seluruh Kepulauan Melayu ini.<br />
<br />
Kedatangan orang Melayu-Deutro ini dengan sendirinya telah mengakibatkan perpindahan orang Melayu-Proto ke pedalaman sesuai dengan cara hidup mereka yang berpindah-randah. Berlainan dengan Melayu-Proto, Melayu-Deutro ini hidup secara berkelompok dan tinggal menetap di sesuatu tempat. Mereka yang tinggal di tepi pantai hidup sebagai nelayan dan sebahagian lagi mendirikan kampung berhampiran sungai dan lembah yang subur. Hidup mereka sebagai petani dan berburu binatang. Orang Melayu-Deutro ini telah pandai bermasyarakat. Mereka biasanya memilih seorang ketua yang tugasnya sebagai ketua pemerintahan dan sekaligus ketua agama. Agama yang mereka anuti ketika itu ialah animisme.Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-56746860695477254322010-07-06T19:17:00.000-07:002010-07-06T22:25:41.467-07:00Negeri Patani<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnvNt1iW53v6LRahWdaIwhZDy7Y_A6Nt9kspoZJFE_smgbdMyAfLJfU5uzyepTt6uOfV_FWc6mcfV3PcqPiJbzFos09M7KFF0LZ5jWOcsKPpLpJE9VvNNuCDLAqhf2rT2_8TPBSaL3x74/s1600/patani.gif"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 247px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnvNt1iW53v6LRahWdaIwhZDy7Y_A6Nt9kspoZJFE_smgbdMyAfLJfU5uzyepTt6uOfV_FWc6mcfV3PcqPiJbzFos09M7KFF0LZ5jWOcsKPpLpJE9VvNNuCDLAqhf2rT2_8TPBSaL3x74/s320/patani.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5491031096422100898" border="0" /></a>Dari sudut persejarahan, Negeri Patani memiliki sejarah yang cukup lama, jauh lebih lama daripada sejarah kerajaan-kerajaan Melayu di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu. Patani telah lama wujud sebagai sebuah kerajaan yang agung dan maju dalam pelbagai bidang.<br /><br />Terdapat bukti-bukti yang menunjukkan kerajaan Melayu purba bernama Langkasuka telah diasaskan sekitar kurun pertama masihi.Paul Wheatly turut menyatakan bahawa Langkasuka terletak di Patani sekarang. Pendapat beliau dikuatkan dengan temuan kepingan batu-batu purba peninggalan kerajaan Langkasuka di daerah Jering dan Pujud.<br />Kerajaan lama ini menguasai satu kawasan yang luas di sekitar Segenting Kra dan di kawasan dimana Patani sekarang berada.Ini dijelaskan dalam sumber-sumber China sekitar abad ke-6 seperti Lang-ya-hsiu yang merekodkan bahawa telah wujud sebuah kerajaan yang telah diasaskan 400 sebelum itu.Turut dinyatakan dari sumber yang sama bahawa kerajaan tersebut merupakan sebuah kerajaan yang makmur dan ramai penduduknya.<br /><br />Sejarah lama Patani turut merujuk kepada kerajaan Melayu tua berpengaruh Hindu-India bernama Langkasuka ini sebagaimana dikatakan oleh Paul Wheatley. Ini disokong oleh seorang ahli antropologi sosial di Prince of Songkla University di Patani, Seni Madakul bahawa Langkasuka itu terletak di Patani.<br /><br />Ini ditegaskan juga oleh John Braddle yang menyatakan bahawa kawasan timur Langkasuka meliputi daerah pantai timur Semenanjung, mulai dari Senggora, Patani, Kelantan sampai ke Terengganu, termasuk juga kawasan sebelah utara negeri Kedah.<br />Kawasan ini telah didatangi pedagang dari Arab, India dan China sejak sebelum masehi lagi. Seorang pengembara China menyebutkan bahawa ketika kedatangannya ke Langkasuka pada tahun 200 masehi, ia mendapati negeri itu telah lama dibuka.<br /><br />Sebelum menjadi negeri Islam, Patani atau Langkasuka waktu itu terkenal sebagai kerajaan Hindu Brahma. Rajanya yang terkenal adalah Bhagadatta yang telah membuat hubungan diplomatik dengan kerajaan China pada tahun 515 M. Ketika kerajaan Sriwijaya berjaya menakluki Nakorn Sri Thamarat (sekarang Ligor di Thailand) pada 775 M dan kemudian mengembangkan kekuasaannya ke selatan (Patani), penduduk Patani mula meninggalkan agama Hindu dan memeluk Buddha. Sebuah berhala Buddha zaman Sriwijaya yang ditemui dalam gua Wad Tham di daerah Yala membuktikan transmisi pertukaran agama dari Hindu ke Buddha.<br /><br />Ketika di bawah pengaruh Sriwijaya inilah Patani mulai menampakkan kemajuan, dengan penduduk yang ramai serta menjadi sebuah kerajaan yang terkenal. Hasil negeri Patani pada waktu itu banyak berasaskan pertanian dan perniagaan. Beberapa pengetahuan bernilai seperti teknik membajak dan berdagang diterima oleh orang Patani dari orang Jawa. Terdapat bukti yang menunjukkan bahawa kerajaan Sriwijaya inilah yang membawa dan mengembangkan bahasa Melayu ke Patani. Nilai ufti yang tinggi yang diberikan pada setiap tahun kepada kerajaan Sriwijaya menunjukkan bahawa Patani ketika itu amat kaya dan makmur.<br /><br />Abdul Rahman Abdullah berpendapat selepas lenyapnya nama Langkasula, wujud sebuah kerajaan bernama Wurawari yang membawa maksud air jernih.Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-9008550988143217572010-07-06T18:43:00.001-07:002010-07-06T19:05:21.453-07:00Asal Usul Melayu<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirdDeOS652OmajrBhEZQ4fUhGxynTW2oDDcIZrMatAIQwsjGEUyl0latSzL5FSQ_s2cUo1d3WiaMNOZVR1_lVqITEesPGb0PIyFev8TySvCSlovVvOGj4cL79UlogXSiiCIeSA7QwYQv4/s1600/melayu2.gif"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 216px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirdDeOS652OmajrBhEZQ4fUhGxynTW2oDDcIZrMatAIQwsjGEUyl0latSzL5FSQ_s2cUo1d3WiaMNOZVR1_lVqITEesPGb0PIyFev8TySvCSlovVvOGj4cL79UlogXSiiCIeSA7QwYQv4/s320/melayu2.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5490978259614836482" border="0" /></a>Teori Melayu Proto berasal dari Yunnan disokong oleh R.H Geldern, J.H.C Kern, J.R Foster, J.R Logen, Slametmuljana dan Asmah Haji Omar. Melayu Proto (Melayu asli) yang pertama sekali datang mempunyai kemahiran dalam bidang pertanian sementara golongan kedua, Melayu Deutro yang tiba sekitar tahun 1500 SM dan mendiami pesisir pantai mempunyai kemahiran menangkap ikan yang tinggi. Semasa berlakunya migrasi itu, kedua-dua golongan berkahwin dengan masyarakat-masyarakat dari pulau-pulau selatan seperti Jawa, serta penduduk tempatan yang berasal dari keturunan Australasia dan Negrito.<br /><br />Antara bukti-bukti lain yang menyokong teori ini termasuklah:<br /><br />* Alatan-alatan batu yang dijumpai di Kepulauan Melayu sama dengan alatan-alatan dari Asia Tengah.<br />* Persamaan adat resam Melayu dan Assam.<br />* Bahasa Melayu dan Bahasa Kemboja adalah serumpun kerana tempat asal orang-orang Kemboja berasal dari sumber Sungai Mekong.<br /><br />Menurut sejarah Khmer, tamadun terawal ialah tamadun Khmer Funan di Delta Mekong. Empayar Khmer Angkor ialah yang terakhir sebelum mereka mencari perlindungan di pelbagai tempat. Palembang dan Melaka adalah antara tempat berkenaan. Bukti-bukti arkeologi mendapati penduduk awal Kemboja adalah penduduk dari budaya zaman Neolitik. Mereka mahir dalam kemahiran teknikal sementara kumpulan yang lebih maju yang tinggal di pesisir pantai dan lembah Delta Mekong menanam padi.<br /><br />Teks Melayu tertua<br /><br />Inskripsi Batu Bersurat Kedukan Bukit tahun 682 yang dijumpai di Palembang dan tulisan tradisional masyarakat minoriti Dai adalah berasal bahasa-bahasa Pallava. Etnik Dai Yunnan adalah salah satu penduduk asal wilayah Yunnan, China.<br /><br />Hubungan Melayu-Cham<br /><br />Persamaan Bahasa Cham dan Bahasa Melayu dapat ditemui pada nama tempat-tempat seperti Kampong Cham, Kambujadesa, Kampong Chhnang dan sebagainya. Sejarah Melayu dengan jelas menyebut terdapatnya komuniti Cham di Melaka sekitar tahun 1400. Pada pertengahan tahun 1400 apabila Cham tewas kepada orang-orang Vietnam, lebih kurang 120,000 orang terbunuh dan pada sekitar tahun 1600 Raja Champa memeluk Islam. Pada sekitar tahun 1700 raja Muslim terakhir Champa Pô Chien mengumpulkan orang-orangnya dan berhijrah ke selatan Kemboja sementara mereka yang tinggal sepanjang pesisir pantai berhijrah ke Terengganu.<br /><br />Tan Lian Hoe, dari <span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">Gerakan</span>, turut memperlihatkan kebodohannya. Dan memalukan, ada juga Melayu yang bodoh sejarah, buta geografi dan berlagak seperti pandai lalu mengiyakan pendapat PENGACAU DAUN ini.<br /><br />Semenanjung Tanah Melayu disebut dalam bahasa Inggerisnya 'MALAY PENINSULA'.<br /><br />MALAY PENINSULA ialah jaluran tanah dari Utara ke Selatan, iaitu dari sekitar berhampiran BANGKOK hingga ke SINGAPURA. Itu yang termaktub dalam Atlas dunia. Ianya mempunyai latarbelakang sejarah hingga 2000 tahun.<br /><br />Jangan disamakan dengan pendatang Cina yang baru tiba di sini kurang dari 150 tahun dan pendatang Tamil yang tiba di sini kurang dari 120 tahun.<br /><br />Jika 2000 tahun bukan merupakan kayu ukur, bangsa Korea boleh dikira pendatang di Semenanjung Korea, bangsa Jepun tidak berhak atas pulau-pulau yang membina negara Jepun. Begitu juga Taiwan, negara itu milik kaum asli yang terpinggir di sudut ceruk pulau tersebut. Jadi, penghujungnya, kita akan kembali kepada frasa " KITA SEMUA PENDATANG" berdasarkan teori "JOURNEY OF MAN"<br /><br />Tapi dengan menyebut Semenanjung Tanah Melayu sebagai bukan tanah asal orang Melayu adalah tindakan BODOH dan BERUNSUR JAHAT.<br /><br />DIINGATKAN kepada kaum yang bukan berasal dari DUNIA MELAYU, AWASI mulut anda kerana anda hanya memperlihatkan kebodohan anda dengan mengeluarkan kenyataan yang bercanggah dengan fakta dan menggunakannya untuk mencari pengaruh.Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-24707566197950662432010-07-03T19:18:00.000-07:002010-07-03T23:45:43.019-07:00Gangga Negara<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhkT0VnyZ8bD4RGUUhMQ0FfGILObbh45SEOCYYMFgSMCF5Y9cNGlPFx5BSjYZ37DLNskYKw0ugMhfpxjnMvPInSH9PeSfHkuqDBmT_KehNHf5iCZI-lfGWzqiFyTw-4R6bvPwngVmCIhE/s1600/langkasuka0042.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 237px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhkT0VnyZ8bD4RGUUhMQ0FfGILObbh45SEOCYYMFgSMCF5Y9cNGlPFx5BSjYZ37DLNskYKw0ugMhfpxjnMvPInSH9PeSfHkuqDBmT_KehNHf5iCZI-lfGWzqiFyTw-4R6bvPwngVmCIhE/s320/langkasuka0042.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5489870377183178914" border="0" /></a>Gangga Negara dipercayai merupakan kerajaan Melayu Hindu yang hilang dan ada disebut dalam Sejarah Melayu yang kini merangkumi Beruas, Dinding dan Manjung masa kini dalam negeri Perak, Malaysia dengan Raja Gangga Shah Johan sebagai salah seorang rajanya. Penyelidik percaya bahawa kerajaan ini berpusat di Beruas dan ia runtuh selepas serangan oleh Raja Rajendra Chola I dari Coromandel, India Selatan, antara 1025 dan 1026. Sebuah lagi sejarah Melayu, Hikayat Merong Mahawangsa yang dikenali sebagai Hikayat Kedah, Gangga Negara mungkin telah diasaskan oleh anak Merong Mahawangsa, Raja Ganjil Sarjuna dari Kedah, yang dikatakan sebagai keturunan Iskandar Agung or atau keluarga diraja Khmer tidak lewat dari abad ke-2.
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<br />Jabatan Muzium telah mengkaji kerajaan Gangga Negara dari pelbagai sudut termasuk tradisi lisan yang terdapat di negeri Perak. Muzium Beruas ditugaskan untuk membuat penyelidikan dari sudut arkeologi.
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<br />Kerajaan Gangga Negara meliputi Beruas dan Dinding/ Manjung . Terdapat artifak arca-arca Buddha abad ke- 5 dan ke-6 Masehi di Beruas menunjukkan kewujudan Kerajaan Gangga Negara ini. Kerajaan Gangga Negara berpusat di Beruas.
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<br />Pengasas Kerajaan Gangga Negara ialah Raja Ganjil Sarjuna dari Kedah. Pendapat lain mengatakan Kerajaan Gangga Negara dibuka oleh Raja Khmers dari Kemboja.
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<br />Kajian lain menyatakan Kerajaan Gangga Negara wujud tidak lewat dari abad ke-2 Masehi. Kerajaan Gangga Negara ini dipercayai terletak di daerah Dinding (Manjong) di kawasan Selatan Gunung Bubu (1657 meter ) arah Timur Bukit Segari di tepi Sungai Dendang. Pendapat ini juga menyebut kemungkinan pusat Kerajaan Gangga Negara berubah-ubah.
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<br />Dengan menggunakan jumpaan artifak-artifak purba dan pengaliran cabang Sungai Perak dipercayai pernah berpusat di Pengkalan ( Ipoh ), Lembah Kinta, Tanjung Rambutan, Bidor dan Sungai Siput telah dikatakan sebahagian dari jajahan Kerajaan Gangga Negara.
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<br />Kewujudan Kerajaan Gangga Negara dan kemudiannya Kerajaan Melayu Beruas tidak dapat dinafikan oleh penyelidik sejarah pada hari ini. Kedua-dua kerajaan tua yang dikatakan pernah bertapak di bumi Beruas bukanlah suatu dongengan ataupun mitos semata-mata. Ini berikutan beberapa peninggalan kesan sejarah mengenainya yang masih wujud di beberapa kawasan negeri Perak amnya dan Beruas khususnya.
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<br />Semua artifak dan gambar berkaitan dengan Beruas dipamerkan di Muzium Beruas.
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<br />Mana mana Kerajaan yang mengusai Semenanjung Tanah Melayu akan mengusai laluan perdagangan. itu sebab Siam, Khemer, Funan cuba menguasai Semenanjung Tanah Melayu.</div></div>Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-81063829301763176102010-07-03T18:57:00.000-07:002010-07-03T19:03:10.389-07:00Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5qSh7Un1bkVwsSMFEEtbulbJsl3eVzuI59Uk8k5YggqPyg0qwTEVVwLMu39vBOHdBidVeP2shZyo6UHyQG7rQWBtiQSybX3HmjD7FAPWzdedGx8FyZDO8S7O2ulnKWISdkyA290UC8Ko/s1600/3104690526_073a900aaf.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 222px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5qSh7Un1bkVwsSMFEEtbulbJsl3eVzuI59Uk8k5YggqPyg0qwTEVVwLMu39vBOHdBidVeP2shZyo6UHyQG7rQWBtiQSybX3HmjD7FAPWzdedGx8FyZDO8S7O2ulnKWISdkyA290UC8Ko/s320/3104690526_073a900aaf.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5489865764728366930" border="0" /></a><br /><div class="note_content text_align_ltr direction_ltr clearfix"><div> <b><big></big></b><div class="photo photo_none"><div class="caption">Makam Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah (1) Ibni Sultan Mansur Shah: Makam Sultan Paling Tua Di Negara Kita.</div></div><br />Makam ini terletak di Kampung Raja lebih kurang 6 kilometer dari Pekan Pagoh, sebuah pekan kecil yang terletak kira-kira 45 minit ke utara Muar. Dahulukala orang tidak pernah sedar akan wujudnya makam ini, ada yang tahu ianya hanya sebuah makam tua berbatu nisan Acheh.<br /><br />Selama hampir lima kurun makam raja yang masyhur itu terbiar sepi tanpa dikunjungi kerana terletak di sebuah kawasan yang agak terpencil.<br /><br />Tidak dapat dipastikan bilakah sebenarnya makam ini dikesan. Bukti Sejarah terawal menceritakan kisah makam di Bukit Keramat Pagoh ini mula diperkatakan pada tahun 1930, apabila kerajaan Johor atas titah Sultan Ibrahim ibni Sultan Abu Bakar, telah menubuhkan sebuah badan Jawatankuasa untuk menyiasat dan menyingkap sejarah makam tua di Pagoh ini.<br /><br />Tiga orang tokoh yang diberi mandat oleh Kerajaan Negeri terdiri daripada, Tengku Abd.Hamid bin Tengku Abd.Majid (Timbalan Penguasa Pelajaran Johor), Sayid Abd.Kadir bin Mohsin Al-Atas (Mufti Kerajaan Johor pada waktu itu) dan Haji Muhammad Amin bin Ahmad ( Amil Zakat Johor).<br /><br />Jawatankuasa tersebut melaporkan telah membuat kajian dari segala macam aspek untuk memastikan susur galur makam tersebut sehinggakan kepercayaan orang ramai di Daerah Keramat, Pagoh diambil perhatian berat.<br /><br />Kepercayaan itu menyatakan ada dua buah makam yang menggunakan batu nisan Acheh itu adalah Kubur Raja Merlang dan adik perempuannya. Ini berasaskan Sejarah Melayu yang ada menyebut, setelah Inderagiri di Minangkabau dikalahkan oleh Melaka, anak rajanya yang bernama Raja Merlang dan adiknya telah dibawa ke Melaka sebagai tawanan perang.<br /><br /><div class="photo photo_none"><div class="photo_img"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=2838934&op=1&view=all&subj=152358854422&aid=-1&auser=0&oid=152358854422&id=130733267373"><img class=" img" src="http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs237.snc1/8435_153023607373_130733267373_2838934_7724643_n.jpg" onload="var img = this; onloadRegister(function() { adjustImage(img); });" /></a></div><div class="caption">Batu nisan yang terukir nama Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah I ibni Sultan Mansur Shah di Pagoh</div></div><br /><br />Sultan Mansur Shah ( 1456-1477), Sultan Melaka yang bertakhta pada masa itu telah berkenan kepada Raja Merlang yang menunjukkan taat setianya kepada baginda lalu dikahwinkan dengan adianda baginda yang bernama Puteri Bakal.<br /><br />Sementara adik perempuan Raja Merlang telah dikahwinkan dengan putera Sultan Mansur Shah, yang bernama Raja Hussien, (kemudiannya naik takhta dengan memakai gelaran Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah I).<br /><br /><div class="photo photo_none"><div class="photo_img"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=2838933&op=1&view=all&subj=152358854422&aid=-1&auser=0&oid=152358854422&id=130733267373"><img class=" img" src="http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs217.snc1/8435_153023337373_130733267373_2838933_3351433_n.jpg" onload="var img = this; onloadRegister(function() { adjustImage(img); });" /></a></div><div class="caption">Potret Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah</div></div><br /><br />Berdasarkan catatan sejarah, andaian dibuat bahawa Raja Merlang serta isterinya pasti telah mengikut sewaktu Sultan Alauddin dengan Permaisurinya berangkat ke Pagoh sekitar tahun 1485. Bagaimanapun apabila kajian sejarah berkaitan peristiwa yang menyebabkan Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah I meninggalkan Melaka serta keyakinan di sebalik peristiwa itu dengan panduan tarikh serta tempat, akhirnya dibuat pengisytiharan bahawa makam tua itu sebenarnya milik Sultan Alauddin Riwayat Shah I, putera Sultan Mansur, Sultan Melaka yang ke 7, yang naik takhta di Melaka pada tahun 1477 dan mangkat di Pagoh pada tahun 1488.<br /><br />Keyakinan terhadap makam Sultan Melaka itu semakin terang apabila bukti-bukti terbaru ditemui pada tahun 1964, berupa pecahan-pecahan pinggan mangkuk lama yang dipercayai zaman Maharaja Ming yang memerintah pada kurun yang ke 14, sezaman dengan Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah.<br /><br />Penemuan bersejarah itu berlaku sewaktu kerja-kerja menggali tanah untuk membina masjid dijalankan berhampiran makam Sultan Melaka itu. Sekaligus menyakinkan ditapak iitulah dahulunya terletaknya Istana Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah I.<br /><br /><div class="photo photo_none"><div class="photo_img"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=2838935&op=1&view=all&subj=152358854422&aid=-1&auser=0&oid=152358854422&id=130733267373"><img class=" img" src="http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs237.snc1/8435_153023772373_130733267373_2838935_2788783_n.jpg" onload="var img = this; onloadRegister(function() { adjustImage(img); });" /></a></div><div class="caption">Masjid Kg Raja Pagoh- di tapak inilah dipercayai tapak asal Istana Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah I</div></div><br /><br />Mangkuk-mangkuk Maharaja Ming itu dipercayai telah dihadiahkan oleh Maharaja China semenjak zaman Parameswara lagi berikutan kedatangan Laksamana Ying Ching ke Melaka pada tahun 1405 dan diwarisi turun temurun.<br /><br />Apabila Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah I telah memutuskan untuk berpindah ke Pagoh, baginda dipercayai telah mengarahkan supaya pinggan mangkuk tersebut dibawa bersama-sama.<br /><br />Menceritakan perihal Sultan Alaudin Riayat Shah I ini, banyak tercatat dalam sejarah yang menyatakan baginda sebenarnya merajuk dan kecewa di atas sikap orang-orang besar Istana yang telah mabuk harta dan tidak menjalankan tugas denagn sempurna.<br /><br />Walaupun di zaman baginda, Tun Perak sebagai Bendahara baginda, tetapi gelaja rasuah telah menjadi-jadi dan teramat susah untuk dihapuskan, membuatkan baginda mengambil keputusan untuk berehat di Pagoh kira-kira dalam tahun 1484, empat tahun sebelum kemangkatan baginda dalam usia yang masih muda, tidak sampai 50 tahun.<br /><br />Sebagai seorang Sultan yang adil dan sangat mengambil berat perihal rakyat, baginda pernah menyamar diri di malam hari untuk menyiasat sendiri setelah kejadian rompakan menjadi-jadi, sedangkan pembesar yang diamanahkan gagal mengawal keamanan. Baginda diceritakan telah berlawan dengan 4 orang perompak dan berjaya telah membunuh mereka.<br /><br />Ada juga catatan sejarah menyatakan, baginda berundur ke Pagoh kerana mengalami penyakit yang sukar diubati, dipercayai disantau. Atas nasihat pembesar negeri baginda bersetuju untuk bersemayam di Pagoh, disamping berusaha untuk berubat.<br /><br />Sepanjang pemerintahan baginda Melaka yang masyhur itu terus diamanahkan kepada Tun Perak, Bendahara Melaka yang masyhur semenjak zaman Sultan Muzaffar Shah lagi. Sementara putera baginda, Raja Mahmud yang sedang remaja dilantik sebagai bakal raja dengan asuhan Tun Perak.<br /><br />Malangnya Tun Perak telah meninggal dunia tidak lama kemudian iaitu pada tahun 1488 dan dalam tahun yang sama juga Sultan Alaudin Riayat Shah (I) sendiri mangkat tanpa sempat menurunkan wasiat.<br /><br /><br /><b><big>Sejarah Olak sepam</big></b><br /><br />Yang pasti, Kampung Olak Sepam itu membawa kepada Kuala Sungai Pagoh yang bertemu dengan Sungai Muar. Di sini ada kesan sejarah lamanya yang tersendiri kerana daripada Sungai Pagoh lah seseorang itu boleh menaiki sampan (mungkin juga kapal) untuk masuk ke Kampung Raja di mana pernah bersemayamnya seorang Sultan Melaka yang dinyatakan sebagai seorang wali Allah terpilih, Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah.<br /><div class="photo photo_none"><div class="photo_img"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=2838939&op=1&view=all&subj=152358854422&aid=-1&auser=0&oid=152358854422&id=130733267373"><img class=" img" src="http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs217.snc1/8435_153024262373_130733267373_2838939_2228979_n.jpg" onload="var img = this; onloadRegister(function() { adjustImage(img); });" /></a></div></div><div class="photo photo_none"><div class="photo_img"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=2838938&op=1&view=all&subj=152358854422&aid=-1&auser=0&oid=152358854422&id=130733267373"><img class=" img" src="http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs217.snc1/8435_153024137373_130733267373_2838938_4296413_n.jpg" onload="var img = this; onloadRegister(function() { adjustImage(img); });" /></a></div></div><div class="photo photo_none"><div class="photo_img"><a href="http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=2848981&op=1&view=all&subj=152358854422&aid=-1&auser=0&oid=152358854422&id=130733267373"><img style="width: 460px;" class=" img" src="http://sphotos.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc1/hs237.snc1/8435_154527462373_130733267373_2848981_1926784_n.jpg" onload="var img = this; onloadRegister(function() { adjustImage(img); });" /></a></div><div class="caption">Masjid Lama Kampung Olak Sepam</div></div></div></div>Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-39056573456788112332010-06-22T17:04:00.000-07:002010-06-22T17:19:26.271-07:00History of Melayu-Campa<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP4rn0hGHiIXfLyMbJBRfh5Ot9bWkvdoixoZMDCvddwD0cpPlZZDcQighZ_3hPKAR-lOzP5cId7KKXyC-VU_8ZUfWeCPNZ7SuuCouXyvOv3a4_DmMrXuVStcZJlc9PrGFYtOHpy6fSvxg/s1600/srivijayamv8.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 304px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP4rn0hGHiIXfLyMbJBRfh5Ot9bWkvdoixoZMDCvddwD0cpPlZZDcQighZ_3hPKAR-lOzP5cId7KKXyC-VU_8ZUfWeCPNZ7SuuCouXyvOv3a4_DmMrXuVStcZJlc9PrGFYtOHpy6fSvxg/s320/srivijayamv8.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5485757010729314290" border="0" /></a>Campa, according to the literature of China named Lin Yi, who appeared in 192 AD, is located in the middle portion of Vietnam country today, between the Gate of Annam (Hoanh Son) Donnai River in the north and south. Lin Yi population Cam speaking in the language of the Austronesian family. Since the beginning of Lin Yi is the Chinese domestic submission and pay tribute to him. The name "Campa" is called (and used) the first time in two inscriptions in Sanskrit, the only bertarikh 658 that existed in the central part of Vietnam and one in 668 found in Cambodia. Kelapan century, a royal summit Campa, marked with the vastness of its territory and the progress of civilization. In this period Campa is a royal alliance consisting of the five kingdoms country: Indrapura, Amarawati, Vijaya, Kauthara and Panduranga, which each country's monarchy has pentadbiran an autonomous individual, with the mother country Indrapura (Quang Nam is now).<br /><br /><br /><br />Campa Kingdom have diplomatic relations with the royal kin and neighbors. With China and Vietnam in the north, Cambodia to the west and south of the archipelago. Campa regularly sent emissaries and delegations as well as holding religious and economic ties with China. Teaching of religion in society Campa kelapan and ninth century Mahayana Buddhism which is up to the Campa through sami who came from China. Relations with the Archipelago began when there was a massive rompakan by the Javanese in late kelapan century. And the relationship to be better in the form of trade relations and friendship<br /><br />In the ninth century occurred Campa orientation transition from China to India. Starting today Campa civilization including the social system, religion and so forth, influenced by the Hindu Indian Culture and Buddhism. In 939 came a new power in the region namely Dai Viet (later Vietnam), and starts since it happened that a prolonged war between Vietnam and Campa, and the Vietnamese managed to destroy 982 Indrapura royal mother, and the king of Campa moved further south to Vijaya ie (Binh Dinh now), even in 1044 the Dai Viet (Vietnam) succeeded in occupying the town and killed its king Vijaya. Various efforts have made kings Campa for revenge and attacked Vietnam, but the reality on every attack, it can enlarge the Vietnamese territory and annexed Campa. Campa kingdom ever again in glory in a short time, when ruled by Che Bong Nga (1360-1390), because he tried to return the seized territory of Vietnam, and he ruled with a fair and glorious fight against pirate.<br /><br />In 1471 King Le Thanh Tong, Vietnamese attack on a large scale Campa, and the Vijaya destroyed, killing over 40 000 inhabitants, expelled more than 30,000 others from the earth Campa, and even destroy whatever remains of the culture that influenced Campa Hindu / Buddhist, and then replace it with the culture of Chinese / Vietnamese. With the victory of Le Thanh Tong in 1471, then a history of the Kingdom Campa tamatlah northern hemisphere, especially Indrapura, Amarawati and Vijaya.<br /><br />Later that survive are the remnants of the southern hemisphere empire Kauthara Campa and Panduranga are diperintahi by Bo Tri Tri and his successors. Campa kingdom began to accept the Islamic culture and Malays who came in through the port of Panduranga and Kauthara, and improve relations with the Malays and the Archipelago of land, the king reportedly named Po Klau Campa Halu (1579-1603) had converted to Islam, even brought his army to assist the Sultan of Johor in Semnenanjung Tanah Melayu to oppose the Portuguese in Malacca in 1511.<br /><br />Unfortunately once again the king of Vietnam Nguyen Kauthara conquest (1659) and Panduranga (1697). CEI Po King last Panduranga Brei displaced from his land with thousands of followers toward Damrei Rong in Cambodia. In 1832, Lord of Vietnam Minh Menh do overkill on the last remnant population Panduranga Campa, seized all their fields, and enter the territory became part of Vietnam Panduranga. And it marks the final disappearance of Time Kingdom Campa of the map of the earth for eternity, even though the cultural and ethnic Campa still continues but the evacuation was already in Cambodia.<br /><br />The presence of Campa and Malays in Cambodia<br /><br />As described earlier, Campa busy people who leave their homelands because of pressure Nam tien or the movement of the people of Vietnam to the south. To save themselves they fled to Cambodia. In Cambodia, they met with a group of Malays who came from the Archipelago. Acculturation occurs because of religious equality, and the Austronesian language family, into a new society called the Melayu-Campa or JVA-Cam.<br /><br />Malays community presence in Cambodia began several centuries earlier. Khmer Sources said that in the seventh century, the JVA has occupied some areas the Khmer who came as traders, sailors and marine soldiers.<br /><br />During the 15th century world of relationships Malays and Cambodia increased from the economic and religious. Noisy traders and spreaders religion arrived in Cambodia. According to sources in Cambodia Malays, most Malays from Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Singapore, Trenggano and Patani. Even for a certain time chairmen Malays have been cooperating and helping each other with the Khmer kings.<br /><br />Migration wave Campa society in Cambodia is after 1471 when Vietnam occupied Vijaya, the next wave after 1697 when Vietnam occupied Panduranga, and last because of the extraordinary ordeal in 1832. Campa Migration valid because Vietnanm escape destruction, while the migration of Malays of the archipelago occur because of trade and the spread of Islam. And two different ethnic origins are united in one religion namely Islam in a foreign country named Kampuchea. Both these rates because the fate of the equation, and religious equality, cooperation and mixed so that eventually gave birth to a new ethnic-Malays called Campa. By Khmer rulers of this society Campa Malays are welcome to stay in the territory Oudong (Khmer nregara mother at the time), the region Thbaung Khmum, Stung Trang and regions compote, Battambang and Kampong Luong today.<br /><br />Community-Campa Malays form a special community that are recognized as "Cam-JVA". The word "JVA" derives from the word "Java" which is interpreted as all societies Cambodia society Malays from any origin. Perhaps they came from Java, Sumatra or elsewhere in the country and the Patani Malays Peninsula Land. The term "cam" refers to a resident who comes from an Campa kingdom in ancient times is situated in the middle of Vietnam today. Because both the community and Cam Malays embraced Islam and classified in the Austronesian linguistic group, the Khmer people classify them to the group of "Cam-JVA" or "Malayo-Campa."<br /><br />In the year 1874 the population numbered 25 599 Malayo-Cam people. Ten percent of the population of Phnom Penh is a Malayo-Cam. In residential areas, Malayo-Campa we meet many Mosque and the mosque, as well as a place of religious education. Most Malays-Campa worked as cultivators, fishermen, cattle ranchers and peniaga reliable, humble as a party stooge other kingdoms from the village peringakat chumtup employees, mekhum, mesrok and chaway srok, there was also a humble even as the army and hold political office .<br /><br />Proving that the Malays overall community-Cam has really feel Cambodia as a country by its own people, without exception, and has given his loyalty to Cambodia, including when the colonial French. Instead the government does not consider the Khmer-Cam Malays as immigrants and foreigners, but citizens are not indigenous, such as many other citizens.<br /><br />Cambodia's independence from colonial France on 9 November 1953, under the head of state Norodom Sihanouk. But unfortunately people are not mentioned Malayo-Cam from the ethnic angle, ie the ethnic Malays-Cam, but called Khmer Islam, that popularized the term up to today.<br /><br />Later minoriti groups are protected in the region Pays du Sud Montagards (PMS) that merangkumi Kontum, Pleiku, Ban Methuot, Djing and contained Dalat in South Vietnam, people considered to be entirely abolished and Vietnam. The same was experienced by the remnants minoriti Cam of Vietnam and the Khmer Krom (Khmer community living in South Vietnam). Therefore, community-Cam Malays in Cambodia tried to fight with the people of STDs in Vietnam and the Khmer Krom people, forming the so-called commitment FULRO (Front de Lutte des Races Unifie Oprimees or races Liberation Front Oppressed). FULRO combined merangkumi Front de Liberation du Champa (Campa Liberation Front), Front de Liberation du Kampuchea Krom (Kampuchea Krom Liberation Front) and the Front de Liberation du Nord Cambodia (Kampuchea Liberation Front North).<br /><br />Expert FULRO power positions consist of President Chau Dara and two Naib President: Y. Bham Enoul (a parade of the Ban Methuot) and Po Nagar (a soldier who came from Kompong Kapuchea Cam, who identified with Islam among Les Kosem). Les Kosem a parachute jump Kapuchea army, which in 1970 was appointed general, he was a leader of the influential Mulayu-Cam in the armed forces and the Khmer politics. During the Lon Nol government, the fate of the Malayo-Cam somewhat better, because trust and various positions are given in the Malayo-Cam and FULRO. Les Kosem menyelesaiukan appointed a mediator in the internal conflicts Kapuchea Muslims and representatives to various Muslim countries. But after the fall of Cambodia into the hands of the Khmer Rouge, Les Kosem fled to Malaysia and died in Kuala Lumpur in 1976.<br /><br />During the Pol Pot regime of the Khmer Rouge (1975-1979), Cambodia thousands of people have been killed because diseksa and believed in cooperation with the Lon Nol regime and for reasons of religion. As it is known that the Khmer Rouge are adherents of the radical teachings of Communism, and stymie freedom of religion. Cam-Malays who are Muslims feel the suffering of extremely heavy. Community Malayo-Cam and the Khmer Islam was forced to leave their religious traditions, names that have connotations of Islam, removed, Mosques and madrasas are not enabled or reduced in number, other religious customs abolished. Al-Qur'an and other religious readings destroyed. Culture in the form aktifiti-aktifiti, clothing, food and other Islamic accessories obliterated, including the names and religious mat.<br /><br />On April 17, 1975, special forces, called the Khmer Rouge Angkar, has conducted sweeping searches and followed the torture of anyone they suspect after Lon Nol. On May 20, 1975, Pol Pot has been doing social discrimination based on political and religious choices, so that there are only two choices: "take or reject the Pol Pot Pol Pot." They are considered to reject the fate of Pol Pot's never happened in human history, namely large-scale massacres.<br /><br />It is estimated that between one and three million people have been killed or died from lack of food, a million of them are Malays-Campa. And approximately six million others suffered severe trauma because of the fear that is very heavy. Muslims because of ideological and religious reasons and are "immigrants" are people suffering the most, they are forced apart by the fellow Muslims, or banished to the woods and mountains or for those who could have fled to the Foreign Affairs, most fled to Kelantan (Malaysia), Vietnam and Thailand as well as western countries.<br /><br />Although Kher Rouge ruled only for four years, but the effect of cultural aspects, many Khmer people-Camp of Islam and Malays who already do not know his religion, not good at Arabic literacy and Campa. Pol Pot managed to scrape up and Go-Islamic identity of the Malays Campa Campa.<br /><br />It was only after the fall of Pol Pot's regime and was ruled by Hun Sen and King Sihanouk, the community of Islam Melayu-Cam/Khmer back to feeling a little religious freedom. Mosques have started to be used again as well as madrassas. Islamic society is placed under the council that consists of six people appointed by the king. Cambodia Islamic Majlis (Maik) led by a Changvang (mufti), now held by Uztadz Yusof Kamarudin, assisted by two Assistant Mufti (now Uztadz Kadir Yusof and Uztadz Arsyad), equipped with a three-person Advisory (now YB Math Ly, YB Toll YB Loh and Ismail Osman). In each village there is a spiritual leader Hakim title. In the area of Trea (Kompong Cham) been formed Madrasa schools Hafiz al-Qur'an, followed Dubai Schools in MI 9 Pnomh Penh, Darul Aitam in Pochentong, Umm al-Kura in Chrouy Serkolah Metrei. Temple c. Rohimah Tambichik Madrasa in Nohor Ban and al-Muhammady Ma'had in Pruol Beng. Actually before Kher Rouge regime ruled Cambodia, many students continue their studies in Malaysia Cambodia, South Thailand, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.<br /><br />Currently solidarity of the international Islamic bodies, and Muslims among the nation has emerged, because the fate of Muslims in Cambodia are so pathetic. Natural Rabithah Islami in Mecca, the Conference of Islamic Countries (OIC) and others have been aware<br />channeling of assistance, ranging from sending manuscripts to aid Al-Quran Mosque rehabilitation and advocate (defense), the fate of the Muslims. Religious institutions, such as Jema'ah Tabligh and Darul Arqam and the Regional Islamic Da'wah Council of South East Asia And Pacific (RISEAP) from Malaysia to bring teachers and preachers / scholars as well as doing various requests silaturrahmi. Currently the village has been confirmed as 320 pieces of Islamic people, 110 of them located in Kompong Cham province, as well as its function has been restored and rehabilitated the building of 270 mosques and mosque, and 600 people dikikuhkan Master and Judge. Other provinces are also strong Islamic people of the province of Battambang and Kampot.<br /><br />In Cambodia there were four united Islamic Ummah: ie the Islamic Samakum Kampuchea (Cambodia Islamic Union) under the leadership YB Math Ly. Khmer Kampuchea Samakum Islam (Unity of Islam Khmer Kampuchea) led by YB Wan Math. Islamic Samakun Anachakr Cambodia Preah Reach (Islamic Unity Kampouchea Kingdom) under the leadership of YB Ahmad Yahya, Islam, and Cham Samakum Kampuchea (Cambodia Islamic Unity Cam) chaired teacher named Teacher Zain who lived in Prek Pra. Second-two terms: the Khmer Islam and Cam are both accepted and used officially. Furthermore, there is also a foundation such as the Cambodian Muslim Development Foundation and the Islamic Development Community Combodian. And of course can not be overlooked is an organization of Muslim intellectuals Cambodia Cambodian Muslim Intellectual Alliance (CMIA), which organizes the event of our time.<br /><br />The Islamic figures Cambodia renowned for its position close to pantadbiran include: YB Math Ly (parliamentary expert, timbalan Prime Minister and former Minister of Education). Onkha Othman Hassan (parliamentary expert, adviser to Prime Minister), YB Ahmad Yahya (Expert parliament), Ismail Yusoff HE (expert parliament), Ismail Osman YB (Expert timbalan parliament and ministers in the ministries It Ehwal Spirituality and Religion). YB Zakariyya Adam Osman (timbalan Minister in the Ministry of thing Ehwal Spirituality and Religion).<br /><br /><br />Cultural Relations Melayu Campa and Southeast Asia<br /><br />As already mentioned, there are two ethnic blend in Cambodia, namely Malays-Cam. Kampuchea People called them the "Cam-JVA". The term "JVA", which comes from the word Java. While in Cambodia the term "JVA" was not meant only for people in Java, but all of the Malays or the Archipelago, including the Peninsula Land and Patani Malays. Medium "Cam", or derived from or ethnic Cham (the old kingdom) Campa.<br /><br />If the Malays migrate from Tanah Melayu or the Archipelago, the man Cam massively displaced from their homeland in the central part of Vietnam now, and both of which happen to come from the same language family which is Austronesian, and later have the same religion, namely Islam , then both these ethnic quickly coalesce and give birth or ethnic Malays JVA-cam-Campa.<br /><br />Although people can not membezakan Cambodia Malays, but from among the Malays themselves, divide the Malays into three categories: (1) The JVA Krabi (in written form Chhvea Krabei) shows the Malays who came from the island of Sumatra, especially in the Minangkabau. Krapi in Cambodia means "buffalo", is expected to use the term of the JVA Krabi, because it supposedly was said long ago won over the Minangkabau buffalo buffalo brought from Java. (2) The JVA Ijava (Chhvea iava), that the Malays who came from Java. (3) The JVA Malay (chhvea Malayou), shows the Malays who came from developing countries and the Patani Malays Peninsula Land.<br /><br />Hijrahnya the Malays of the archipelago, in the framework of trade or because their children are happy mngembara maritime sea off, predicted after the advent of Islam in the archipelago, so they come to bring Islam into Cambodia. Berlangsungabad immigration process was estimated to 13 and 14. The Malays have played a major role in the teaching of Islam in Cambodia. Khmer king often gives carpet to Islamic figures, like "Onkha To Koley", derived from Ukana To 'Cali. Koley derived from the word Kalih (Melayu language) or Kadi (Arabic for judge). Mat "Thy Reachea Onkha STI", is derived from King Ukana Mufti. Mufti (Arabic means giving fatwa), while "Onkha Reachea Peanich", derived from Ukana King Sampatti, Senopati (Java language, which means officers) who bertanggug responsibility in the field of commerce and economic development.<br /><br />In the late 16th century, sources say there are two figures Khmer, Malayo-Cam, named Po, Rat or Cancona (derived from the Cam) and Lakshmana (the Malays), which I serve my king Ram (Ram of Joen Brai (1594 to 1596 ), both of them is known as the leader of a powerful army and powerful, and is believed to quell the rebellion and was escorted to lead various expeditions to various regions. As recompense, the King of Khmer endow their territory to make the Rabigh Thbaung as a place to live offspring and other Islamic societies.<br /><br />By the 17th century, the Malays had to convert the king Khmer Ramadhipati I (cau Bana Cand) (1642-1658), Islam is estimated to enter the King Ramadhipati I was due to strong lobbying and influence of Islam in the palace, so that only a part of Islam, power is king can survive. King Ramadhipati I was the only Khmer king who converted to Islam until recent times.<br /><br />To this end-time, Malaysia is a very enterprising Malays countries implement pengakajian Campa problem and its relation with the World Melayu, the assessment was conducted with the Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient, so the history of the Kingdom of Campa and its relation with the Malays, the curtain can be opened secret that sank with the loss of Campa's kingdom. And especially for Indonesia, actually Campa is the cultural sphere which has a special place - especially in the classical period, Majapahit and Sriwijaya era, in which cultural interaction region to region Campa - trade and cultural pertukarangan runs very intensive. Even in the old ceita, said that a beautiful princess named Gayatri Campa has dipersunting by the young king Singosari, found that the how the relationship has existed since long.<br /><br />For the period before, need more diperkuatkan academic cooperation between Indonesia and Malaysia for old treasures menubuhkan excavation, assessment and Relationships Campa World Malayo-Malays, in terms of persepahaman world, within the framework of the cooperation of Muslims worldwide.Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-68787075694411858922010-04-13T04:38:00.000-07:002010-04-13T04:40:42.329-07:00Wali Songo-Sunan Derajat<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Ia7A8EJ6wrU/S8RYDxO8VbI/AAAAAAAAATU/h2N7TDIEGEY/s1600/sunan_drajad.jpg"><img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 241px; height: 320px;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_Ia7A8EJ6wrU/S8RYDxO8VbI/AAAAAAAAATU/h2N7TDIEGEY/s320/sunan_drajad.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5459585470058747314" border="0" /></a><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:medium;" ><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; text-align: justify;font-family:Trebuchet,'Trebuchet MS',Arial,sans-serif;font-size:13px;" ><p>During his youth he was known as Raden Qasim, Qosim, neither the Eunuch. There are still many other names it bears in many ancient manuscripts. For example Sunan Mahmud, Sunan Mayang Honey, Sunan Muryapada, Raden Imam, Maulana Hashim, Sheikh Masakeh, Syarifuddin Prince, Prince Kadrajat, and Masaikh Munat. He was the son of Sunan Ampel of marriage with Nyi Ageng Manila, aka Goddess Condrowati. Four other sons are Sunan Ampel Sunan Bonang, Siti Muntosiyah, who married Sunan Giri, Nyi Ageng Maloka, who diperistri Raden Patah, and a daughter who Sunan Kalijaga edited. As Sunan Drajat own, not many scripts that reveal his tracks.<br /></p><div class="fullpost" style="display: inline;"><br /><br />There are recounted, Raden Qasim spent childhood and adolescence in his hometown in Ampeldenta, Surabaya. As an adult, he was told his father, Sunan Ampel, to call people on the west coast in Gresik. Travel to this Gresik summarize a story, which later developed into a legend.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Syahdan, Raden Qasim sailed from Singapore, with a ride Plow fishermen. Along the way, the boat dragged the storm, and hit the waves broke in Lamongan, west of Gresik. Raden Qasim survived by holding on to a rowing boat. Later, he helped marlin and fish-gutters there is also mention tuna.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />With both riding the fish, Raden Qasim landed at a place that became known as Kampung bored, Banjarwati. According to chronicle, this persitiwa occurred around 1485 AD. There, Raden Qasim welcomed by elders of the village called Honey and Abah Abah Mayang Banjar.<br /><br />It is said that two men had been Islamicised by preachers from Surabaya, who was also stranded there for a few years earlier. Raden Qasim then settled in bored, and was married to Myrtle, daughter Honey Mbah Mayang. In bored, Raden Qasim founded a mosque, and eventually became boarding schools where hundreds of residents take your lessons.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />bored, which was originally just a small and remote village, the village gradually developed into a large crowd. His name was changed to Banjaranyar. Lapse of three years, Raden Qasim moved to the south, about one kilometer from bored, to higher ground and be free from flooding during the rainy season. The place was named after the village of Drajat.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />However, Prince Al-Qassim, who began to be called Sunan Drajat by his followers, yet still consider it a strategic place as a center of Islamic da'wah. Sunan then given permission by the Sultan of Demak, Lamongan ruler at the time, to open up new land in hilly areas in the south. Forest land desert area known as the haunted inhabitants.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />sahibul According to the story, a lot of angry spirits due to the opening of the land. They terrorize the residents at night, and spread the disease. However, thanks to the miracle, Sunan Drajat able to overcome. After completion of land clearing, Sunan Drajat with his followers built new settlements, covering about nine hectares.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Under the guidance of Sunan Giri, through a dream, Sunan Drajat occupies the south side of the hill that is now the cemetery, and was named Ndalem Duwur. Sunan founded the mosque a little distance to the west where he lived. The mosque is the place to convey the teachings of Islam preaching to the population.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Sunan spend the rest of his life in Ndalem Duwur, until his death in 1522. In that place now built a museum to store relics-including Sunan Drajat rowing boat that had once saved him. While the former residence of Sunan land is now left empty, and the sacred.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Sunan Drajat famous for wisdom and generosity. He lowered to his followers not to hurt each other rules, either through words or deeds. "Bapang den simpangi, ana mungkur chess," said petuahnya. That is: do not listen to bad-mouth conversations of others, let alone act.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Sunan introducing Islam through da'wah concept car-wise, wise manner, without forcing. In the present teachings, Sunan take five ways. First, through direct instruction at the mosque or the mosque. Secondly, through the organization of education at the seminary. Next, give a fatwa or religious advice in solving a problem.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />The fourth mode, through traditional arts. Sunan Drajat often call people through the songs with the accompaniment gending pickaxe. Finally, he also conveyed through the teachings of traditional rituals, as long as not contrary to Islamic teachings.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />The four principal subjects are Drajat Sunan: Paring kalunyon sign lan kang wuta Marang, Marang food Paring kaliren kang; Paring clothing Marang kawudan kang; Paring umbrella kang kodanan . It means: give the stick to the blind; give food to the hungry, give clothes to the naked; and provide an umbrella to the rain.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Sunan Drajat very concerned citizens. He often walked around the village at night. Residents feel safe and protected from disturbance spirits who, allegedly, rampant during and after forest clearing. After the afternoon prayers, Sunan well as remembrance walk around the village, reminding residents to perform evening prayers.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />"Stop working, do not forget to pray," he said with a tone of persuasion. He always menelateni citizens who are sick, with a treat using traditional herbs, and prayer. As the guardian of another, is famous for its miracle Sunan Drajat. Sumenggah Lengsanga wells in the region, for example, created Sunan when he felt exhausted in a way.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />At that time, asked his followers drew wilus Sunan, a kind of tuber forest. When Sunan thirst, he prayed. So, from the nine hole was the former bulb clear water gushing who later became a well-eternal. In some manuscripts, Sunan Drajat mentioned marrying three women. Once married to Myrtle, when settled in the village of Drajat, Sunan Retnayu Condrosekar marry the daughter of the Duke of Kediri, Raden Suryadilaga.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />The event was estimated to occur in 1465 AD. According to the Chronicle Tjerbon, the first wife is the Goddess of Sunan Drajat Sufiyah, daughter of Sunan Gunung Jati. Once, before arriving in Lamongan, Raden Qasim had sent his father to take your lessons to learn from Sunan Gunung Jati. In fact, Sharif Hidayatullah was a former student of Sunan Ampel.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />In the 'ulama in Java, even today, there is a''tradition disciple each other. " In Tjerbon Chronicle told, after marrying the goddess Sufiyah, Raden Qasim lived in Kadrajat. He used to be called with the title of Prince Kadrajat, or Prince Drajat. There also are called Sheikh Syarifuddin.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />padepokan Former Prince Drajat now a burial ground complex, complete with cupola tomb ruins, located in The Village Drajat, District Kesambi. There was built a big mosque named Masjid Nur Drajat. Manuscript and Manuscript Drajat Wanar Badu tells us that from his marriage to Goddess Sufiyah, Sunan Drajat blessed with three sons.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Rekyana oldest child named Prince, or Prince Tranggana. Both Prince Password, and a third child Wuryan Goddess. There is also a story that says that Sunan Drajat never married Nyai Manten in Cirebon, and blessed with four sons. However, this story is rather vague, leaving no trace that convincing.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />It is unclear, whether arrived at Sunan Drajat bored after a family or not. However, the book of Wali Sanga babadipun The Guardian noted: "Duk anglaksanani Samana, sakulawarga died ...." When ordered Sunan Ampel, Raden Qasim family reportedly went to Gresik. If so, where his family is shattered when the fishing boat? Historians are still scrambling to answer an ancient manuscript.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />He died and was buried in the village Drajad, Paciran Lamongan district of East Java. Not far from the tomb he had built museum that holds some of the heritage in the era of Wali Sanga. His legacy especially in the field of art.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />Reference:<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><br /><br />- http://kisahkayahikmah.wordpress.com/2009/04/16/sunan-drajat-raden-qosim/</div></span></span>Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-85289388729396886322010-03-27T19:13:00.000-07:002010-03-27T19:23:12.508-07:00Malay Heritage track<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaaAIT_DenJgQhNVHw9uuIAAGBZXVNPGAcexREWDUJ7AA0oAJLWHSPk7OvihaKzrpanExyUTbrM_q2FhtL4A4OqLcYpYccbsKX_UlgX5WTmCFK7hjrryTZC7g3FMJEmpvt54bM6dcnXGI/s1600/srivijaya-empire-map1.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 301px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaaAIT_DenJgQhNVHw9uuIAAGBZXVNPGAcexREWDUJ7AA0oAJLWHSPk7OvihaKzrpanExyUTbrM_q2FhtL4A4OqLcYpYccbsKX_UlgX5WTmCFK7hjrryTZC7g3FMJEmpvt54bM6dcnXGI/s320/srivijaya-empire-map1.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5453504498404011458" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaEpjiSs0NqURSO75z1WOgAsc5Wa1NOvYjeGwkiONTIfWlXqWUo2lSQVW8jlEtwRtt2_TQuDlu9EBQyekGDIm1Qz-g9FZ1UiTr6SS_iaQOmUDVyMsNFBNliEDA-itioCkrp82CASL3dyE/s1600/717_view.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 290px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaEpjiSs0NqURSO75z1WOgAsc5Wa1NOvYjeGwkiONTIfWlXqWUo2lSQVW8jlEtwRtt2_TQuDlu9EBQyekGDIm1Qz-g9FZ1UiTr6SS_iaQOmUDVyMsNFBNliEDA-itioCkrp82CASL3dyE/s320/717_view.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5453504365923007474" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline- color:initial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Grateful and fortunate was born in Malaysia after seeing the fate of relatives Darwin and religion in other countries </span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><br /><br />WALKING overall extent covers 4.120 kilometers distance, not for fun but to meet exploration missions Tracks Heritage of Peninsular Malay Jawi to Ayutthaya, Thailand for 10 days, the track of the Malay community minority in Thailand have been increasingly eroded their culture and heritage.</span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">In looking back groove edge of the Malay community which is separated by the Malay Peninsular after signing the Treaty of Bangkok Thailand, British Malaya and in 1909, the convoy of four wheel drive vehicle (4x4), accompanied by 22 members , including representatives of Berita Minggu move across borders using the land route. expedition through 14 city stop start 12 to February 21, 2009 and began traveling from city to city boundaries Klang Bukit Kayu Hitam, further into Thailand through the small town Danok.<br /><br />Test level have patience we face as early as the first day of the convoy immediately began traveling into the city boundary when Danok vehicle convoy passed the border to face problems due to document problems that caused our vehicle stranded in almost 10 hours before Danok can travel to our first destination to the Malay village on the island of Koh Klang , Krabi approximately 6 pm.<br /><br />The journey takes almost six hours before we reached the village of Koh Klang and greeted people with a friendly village-style Malay Thai feast day was a late night though.<br /><br />Once complete agenda on the island of Koh Klang we go to the second destination Pang Nga city to go boating for the Malay community to track a group of Thai survivors of the tsunami in 2004 on the island or name Panyee Melayunya Island Panji.<br />Could not sure how the word 'banner' that may exist, but according to the story of the local community, it comes banner of greatness before the government have anything to do with the history of the sultanate government Siam Ayutthaya.<br /><br />Overview of the authors can provide after track two in the minority Malay community placement is generally the same, living relatively isolated, far from development to live and fight to maintain the identity of the chosen Malay or in accordance with government policy and ruling that ultimately survival by gradually erode their Malay culture.<br /><br />to continue our journey to Chumphon Ayutthaya city, however we are stranded in the middle of travel for several hours following the damage caused to a small convoy of vehicles we had to spend the night in the city Prachuap Kiri Khan is not listed in the list of city stopover before continuing the next day.<br /><br />When moving in the group, amateur radio interactions become the main artery and the key to ensure smooth movement and we will not face any major difficulty. Even when the convoy moved toward Ayutthaya which took nearly eight hours, we again tested when the shop failed to find food to Muslim forces went to our 24-hour convenience stores to buy bread and snacks to cover the stomach.<br /><br />We menjengah around the historic city of Ayutthaya 8 pm berkeroncong in the stomach, once we move in. find out the stomach lining around the city by riding `tut-tut 'most popular vehicles in Thailand and brought to the center of Muslim hawkers on the outskirts of Ayutthaya. Prestige in Muslim tourists here get discount prices of food with different prices charged to foreign tourists.<br /><br />Although Ayutthaya became the top destination search Banu Jawi, the title given Majmak Malay Jawi, the group responsible for organizing this expedition, searching for connected routes to go home and follow different routes.<br /><br />Regardless, the experience and track civil religion even in the Festival this relaxed atmosphere full of warmth and bring enough. Lifestyle, culture, and beliefs may be similar, but self-esteem and identity and their struggle to live a very different causes and affectionate enough writers feel quite lucky and grateful was born in Malaysia that our beloved earth.<br /><br />Malay increasingly lost<br /><br />to the tsunami, despite almost five years later but left a big impact and depth of Ramlah Din, 53, one of the Malay community who live in settlements in the Malay minority Ban Muang Kluang is located in Ranong province, thailand.<br /><br />Although not experienced enough memeritkan effects caused by the death of relatives casualties in the tragedy, but the tsunami changed the landscape of many lives and make life that exists now no longer like first.<br /><br />"Dulu people here are flooded during high with prosperity through agricultural and fish that can be said to be enough to accommodate our daily<br /><br />lives." But after the tsunami conditions, such as village distance field `field terkukur 'search results and the longer the less," he said, still speaking in fluent Malay in Kedah dialect as often commute glance many relatives who still reside in Malaysia.<br /><br />Clearly, the effects of the tsunami true true-life people in the village sandwich because large waves as high mountain areas is destroying the rice bowl area was also destroyed hundreds of hectares which became the main livelihood people in the area besides the sea.<br /><br />"After the tsunami, declining fish and fishermen in the area also tempiasnya feel as catches dropped from about 2,000 baht (RM200) per day to only about 200 to 300 Baht (RM20 to RM30) a day. Sometimes it is related to oil money.<br /><br />"Many children are forced to quit school and are forced to descend to the sea to help the family to ensure our family can continue to eat more but that is our compassion to the orphans that the death of their parents when the tsunami came," reported calm.<br /><br />Ban Muang Kluang is located before the Andaman Sea inhabited about 4,000 residents 100 percent Malay Muslims. Throughout the trip organized by Travel Impressions Heritage Jawi Jawi Heritage Majmak, authors can also feel the distress and hardships faced by people here who still have not recovered fully from the effects of the tsunami tragedy that even though five years have passed.<br /><br />Tells the tsunami incident which happened on December 26, 2004, the Ramlah said, although villagers killed hundreds of lives, especially who live near the sea, but the power of God, two mosques in the area was only slightly affected.<br /><br />However, religious schools that provide classes Qur'an and obligatory Ain to Malay students in the village it has been destroyed and rebuilt.<br /><br />Kembara we went to minority Malay village as accommodation provided by homestay accommodation, but still maintain a given treatment Malay tradition, only a small language constraints limiting our activities.<br /><br />While we were touring with the Malay culture beat kompang seizure, and silat performances marhaban faces, and joy clearly emitted. May enjoy their own custom view that has long been neglected because they are long separated from culture.<br /><br />In the fun kompang dipalu, looked sorrowful face Abdul Rashid Ibrahim, 85, watching a presentation with our view that enough.<br /><br />When asked, Abdul Rashid from Kedah and has nearly 40 years living in the village acknowledge kerinduannya of Malay heritage can not be described.<br /><br />He is still fluent in the Malay dialect in Kedah also tells the life experience and pain of the Malay community in Thailand who are forced to choose between whether to maintain the identity and traditional Malay Muslim or comply with the national spirit to ensure that they continue to lag.<br /><br />"kat Living here is not happy children. Malay even many who have been tak reti nak cakap. In this village only Malay village despite its name, but they do not speak Malay clever because most of the many clever already died.<br /><br />"Tok Tok even feel sad but I can not do that. Where there is interest I think learning Tok teaching, "said Short</span>Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-35130543982288585702010-03-27T19:02:00.000-07:002010-03-27T19:34:04.360-07:00Fate of the Malay language on their own country<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmKiny2OGmAYItyrpU3YeENXDCxXPSWeBLM-RZswj9UcB1SzJNzYUssEMjsxmtKffFSNHV2CbUw1wkibCmOqZFpyn2TQbDpT-RKG4ejlj82j2oAcZK9B_1I3AbyoAF-oueu2I0s0KRAcQ/s1600/BahasaInggeris.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 208px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmKiny2OGmAYItyrpU3YeENXDCxXPSWeBLM-RZswj9UcB1SzJNzYUssEMjsxmtKffFSNHV2CbUw1wkibCmOqZFpyn2TQbDpT-RKG4ejlj82j2oAcZK9B_1I3AbyoAF-oueu2I0s0KRAcQ/s320/BahasaInggeris.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5453507365606737858" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKvgwUC9Ec6dCtS0CrEj5Q-DwFTabQWkH-qxlTZvfX3bSitOyIbADEekDn5RVfQ1lTfOeLEM1f8nWeoFGey_diRpd74hyphenhyphenN5s3eBUe5OPx0qaXYsiT03LK4-shuqStwgdSlYUfs88BSdFI/s1600/220708.jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 320px; height: 192px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKvgwUC9Ec6dCtS0CrEj5Q-DwFTabQWkH-qxlTZvfX3bSitOyIbADEekDn5RVfQ1lTfOeLEM1f8nWeoFGey_diRpd74hyphenhyphenN5s3eBUe5OPx0qaXYsiT03LK4-shuqStwgdSlYUfs88BSdFI/s320/220708.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5453500349241113842" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">PROPOSED compulsory subject Malay (BM) for approximately 65.000 foreign students currently studying in Malaysia is certainly a good step in our efforts to develop the Malay language, more so for internationalisation.</span></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Among its importance in this context, the Malay language is the medium of communication in this country, knowledge and mastery of the Malay language that will better enable students to function well in the Malaysian society, whether in terms of both efficiency and courtesy Malay grammar. Actually the effect is quite valid and should be supported. </span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">However, whether the infrastructure and ecological Malay language that exists now, whether formal or otherwise, support conditions conducive? Both are very important in helping and encouraging students to menekuni Malay language, particularly the stimulus integratif, ie not only to mix, but mengadunkan themselves in local life, while they are in Malaysia. The answer is not positive as appropriate. Malay although given the variety of views more beautiful by some good parties, it is actually on the edge melukut shà in some cases, the earth watannya own. Linguistic ecology in this country do not always memperlihat importance of Malay language as the language of the country, namely in the context of a national language and official language. For example, naming public in Malaysia are not many who use the Malay language. The use of English becomes more the norm. 'Bangsar South' to a new municipality in Kuala Lumpur and 'Mara Liner' for that bus services in rural areas, especially among the Malay community placement for example. </span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">All this gives the message that the Malay language is not important, not only to foreign students, but also to the Malaysian society itself. In this regard, local communities participate give a negative picture of the Malay language when they are not much use, especially in the context of a national language to communicate with each other. They prefer to use other languages and proud and if the Malay language is used, it is used in the form of mixed also. </span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">Overview of the evil of the Malay language per happens when we do not want to use when talking with some foreign students, although there are of them fluent in the language Malay. Instead, we use the English language instead. This bad attitude we give people the impression that Malaysia is not proud, love and allegiance to the country's own language. Indeed, this is not the picture again, but true statement about the act, our views and compliance of the Malay language. Natif speakers as the Malay community or the original Malay language should display a good example in memperlihat positive attitudes towards the language. They must at all times 'memperlaku' Malay language, which not only their mother tongue, but now has become a language that represents the country and owned by all, with the full order and manners. </span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">In this case, they should use the Malay language is good and right and not mixed together, especially at official functions and ceremonies. Use it as not only important in conveying the message that the Malay language competent, but believed by the other dibangga among speakers about natifnya authority is. Actually the authority of the Malay language should exist in various forms robust. Among them is the knowledge and mastery of Malay society in Malaysia, especially the non-original, which should be increased beyond that form known as 'market language'. Still among many that the market could only speak when using the Malay language, for example in the form of " I have pompuan Atak, married the widow Ipoh have olang. "Efficiency Malay cases, especially among the young, the Philippines occupies since 1957 is not only not good for the image of the Malay language as the language of the country, but that more harm is more understanding nasionaliti Malaysia them in the context of the Malay language, the language of their homeland! attitude like this certainly observed by foreign students, who may conclude that the Malay language is not much respected by Malaysians themselves. </span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">This follow formulated by foreign workers. Some of them found to be fluent in Malay, although recently arrived, compared with a handful of trainees National Service Training Program (PLKN), the same can not be fluent in Malay, although born and raised in Malaysia! </span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">In the Malay language preservation issues in weak form, the Malay community can participated. They often communicate with their communities of origin in the Malay language is not such, even when they communicate with a very fluent. This accommodating nature of the Malay community should be stopped and replaced with the communication in the Malay language of good and correct, but in a form easily. In fact a lot to do before we expand the domain use the Malay language, especially to foreign students in the country and also in the business we mengantarabangsakan Malay language. For this purpose, first, the Malaysian society must show a more positive attitude towards the Malay language. This attitude can be nurtured and further shown by all sectors of Malaysian society with relatively easy. Malay race is the instrument of unity and progress of the country, has 'dikodifikasikan' in the national education system. In this matter, determination of the Malay language to be renewed again, by example with the full commitment and responsibility of the Malay community as speakers natif, which will also followed by the positive effects from many other non-Malay community. </span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;">This is important not only in efforts to elevate the Malay language in this country, O my son, but also to the PERSADA world. Indeed, the Malay language is also the fifth largest in the world, has much potential. </span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline- color:initial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:large;"><br /></span></span></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Adapted from </span></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style=" ;font-family:Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"><h2 style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); "><span class="bywho" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: normal;">by Teo Kok Seong</span> </span></span></h2><div><span class="bywho" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 16px; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline- color:initial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:medium;">Professor of Sociolinguistics at the Institute of Malay and Malay Civilization, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM<b>)</b></span></span></span></span></div></span>Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-81341467690389478452010-01-02T22:27:00.000-08:002010-01-02T22:28:41.107-08:00Melayu Petani: A Nation Survives<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:6;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px;"><b></b></span></span></p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size:6;"><b><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-GB">The southern Thai provinces of Patani, Yala and Narathiwat have become hot-spot for insurgency against the Thai security forces. This has become very obvious since January 2004 when killings against security personnel and civilians have become a daily affair. To date more than 3,500 people has become victim of the insurgency. This includes both Thai Buddhist and some Thai Muslims has become victim of the insurgency. This includes school teachers, government servants, farmers, and Buddhist monks. Despite various attempts by various people to bring about a peaceful solution to the problem, there has been no sign to a stop to the killings.</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB">The southern Thai provinces of Patani, Yala and Narathiwat borders <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Malaysia</st1:place></st1:country-region>, was once an independent Malay sultanate known as Patani Raya or Negara Patani Darussalam. It is populated by ethnic Malays and has by far the largest number of Muslims living in <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Thailand</st1:country-region></st1:place>, although Muslim communities also exist all over the country. These provinces were first subjugated by the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">kingdom</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename st="on">Siam</st1:placename></st1:place> in 1786. Total annexation of Patani began in 1909 when <st1:country-region st="on">Siam</st1:country-region> (<st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Thailand</st1:country-region></st1:place>), carved out the three provinces which came to be known as <i>Boriween Chet Huamuang</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> <a style="mso-endnote-id: edn1" href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/17762720-Melayu-Petanidoc-an-Article-for-Jurnal.doc#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-style: italic">[i]</span></span></span></span></a>(</span>Tej Bunnag: 1976, Serajul Islam: 1998). In an attempt to subdue the Muslim region the Siamese government immediately absorbed all the three Muslim provinces into the kingdom. The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 recoginzed Siamese sovereignty<a style="mso-endnote-id:edn2" href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/17762720-Melayu-Petanidoc-an-Article-for-Jurnal.doc#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>over Patani, Yala and Narathiwat (Nik Anuar Nik Mahmud: 1999). The imbalance of the treaty was a cause for concern since the Malay Sultan was not consulted in the process. Under King Chulalongkorn administrative reforms (<i>Thesaphiban</i> or The Local Administration Act,) in 1897, the kingdom developed a centralized administrative system and established authority over its territories, which stretches from the Burmese border in the Northwest and Laos and Cambodia in the Northeast and as far as the Malay States in the South.. It was also and act of consolidation of the authority and the modernization process embarked by King Chulalongkorn in the face of western colonial intrusion. </span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB">The central government in <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Bangkok</st1:place></st1:city> at that time did not concede any autonomy to the local Muslim Sultan in the Muslim provinces of Patani, Narathiwat and Yala. Instead the government replaced members of the local aristocracy with officials known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Khaluang Thesaphiban </i>or Governor General appointed directly from <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Bangkok</st1:city></st1:place>. (Tej Bunnag: 1977). The problem with the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Khaluang Thesaphiban</i> was that they were ignorant of the Muslim religion and culture in the Southern provinces. This led to distrust, hatred, and antagonism between the Malay Muslims and the officials from the Central government.<a style="mso-endnote-id:edn3" href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/17762720-Melayu-Petanidoc-an-Article-for-Jurnal.doc#_edn3" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a>.</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB">In the late nineteenth century, the government institutionalized, patronized and developed a top-down policy of nation-building, which emphasized the importance of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Khwamphenthai</i> or “Thainess”, thereby compelling the transformation of the multiethnic society of <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Siam</st1:country-region></st1:place> into a unified Thai nation. <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Bangkok</st1:place></st1:city> managed dissension in the south mostly by leaving the Muslims alone before the imposition of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Thesaphiban</i>. The situation in the Southern provinces aggregated when the government accelerated its effort to assimilate the Malay population especially after the bloodless coup by Phibul Songkram in 1932 when the absolute monarchy was abolished. (W.K.Che Man: 1990)<a style="mso-endnote-id:edn4" href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/17762720-Melayu-Petanidoc-an-Article-for-Jurnal.doc#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a>. The ultra nationalist regime embarked on<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>a policy of forced assimilation of the various minority cultures into the mainstream Buddhist "Thainess" or <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Khwamphenthai </i>in order to develop, in David Brown's description, "the mono-ethnic character of the state" (Brown :1994, Rahimmula:2003). </span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB">Thai nationalism was to some extent a replication of the concept of French nationalism, with the conscious attempt to transform all ethnic peoples within its geographically defined borders into Thais. It was a political decision that the state managed political, cultural and social system that made it compulsory for those who sought to be in the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Ekkalat Thai</i> or the mainstream of Thai society to conform to the Central Thai culture and custom. Central Thai language was to be spoken and a Central Thai view of history was to be taught in all schools. By assimilation, anyone could become Thai if they learn to speak and act as a central <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Thai.</st1:place></st1:country-region> There was less problem in assimilating the Tai people of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Lanna</i> (the north) and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Isan </i>(the northeast), than with the other ethnic groups (Selway: 2005). This was because although the people of Lanna and Isan were culturally different from the central Thais they however practised Buddhism.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Assimilation for the Muslim Malays in Patani, Yala and Narathiwat would mean becoming Buddhist, which was considered against the fundamental teaching of Islam. </span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB">The disenchantment of the Muslim Malays in the South towards the Thais led to the emergence of many separatist movements in the 1940’s fighting for the independent of Patani. 1940s. Among them, was <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Gabungan Melayu Patani Raya</i> (Union of Malay for a Great Patani) or GAMPAR founded in 1948 (Nik Anuar Nik Mahmud: 1999). Following the establishment of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Barisan Nasional Pembebasan Patani</i> (BNPP) in 1963. (Rahimmula: 2003 :), violent clashes between guerrilla and Thai security forces were common in the southernmost provinces. In the mid-1970s, there existed more than 20 separatist organizations operating on both sides of the Thai-Malaysian border. </span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB">However, the situation improved in the 1980s and 1990s under the new government of General Prem Tinsulanond (1980-88) that saw some changes in the government policies known as <i>Thai Rom Yen </i>or the Pacified South. Muslim cultural rights and religious freedoms were assured and the rebels were given a general amnesty. An economic development for the South was implemented and through this way the situation in the South was mitigated (Tan: 2003, Jones and Smith: 2003).<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>A National Security Policy for the Southern Border Provinces (Southern Border Provinces Administrative Center (SBPAC) was also formulated based upon the concept of "development as security" approach (Rahimmula: 2003). This development was also greatly attributed by the deepening cooperation between the Thai and Malaysian Government. </span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="EN-GB">Security along the border remarkably improved and this led to the decline of the insurgency as well (Abuza: 2003). In the late 1990s most observers described the insurgency as fading and fairly calm while peace was seen to have been restored (Rabasa: 2003, Tan: 2003). </span></p> <div style="mso-element:endnote-list"><br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <div style="mso-element:endnote" id="edn1"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-endnote-id: edn1" href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/17762720-Melayu-Petanidoc-an-Article-for-Jurnal.doc#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> The sole purpose of dividing the province of Patani was to weaken the Sultan’s power and to administer the provinces centrally from Bangkok, where local administrator was replaced with official from other part of Siam. This was also in view of King Chulalongkorn policy of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Thesaphiban.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:endnote" id="edn2"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-endnote-id: edn2" href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/17762720-Melayu-Petanidoc-an-Article-for-Jurnal.doc#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[ii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> The <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">Burney Treaty</span> was signed between <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Siam</st1:place></st1:country-region> and the British in 1826, and acknowledged Siamese rule over northern Malay states of Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis and Terengganu. The treaty further acknowledge and assured British ownership over Penang and their rights to trade in Kelantan and Terengganu without the Siamese interfering in the state of affairs in those states. The Malay Sultans of the four Malay states were not represented during the treaty negotiation. However, in 1909 the Siamese and British signed a new treaty that void and superseded the 1826 treaty, and was known as<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>the 1909 treaty, known as Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, also known as the Bangkok Treaty of 1909, transferred the four Malay states from Siamese to British dominion.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:endnote" id="edn3"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-endnote-id: edn3" href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/17762720-Melayu-Petanidoc-an-Article-for-Jurnal.doc#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[iii]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> For a detailed insight on how the Thai society was organized, see Akin Rabibhadana, The Organization of Thai Society in the Early Bangkok Period, 1782-1873, <st1:city st="on">Ithaca</st1:city>: Southeast Asia Program, <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Cornell</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place>, 1969. Cornell Thailand Project, Interior Report Series, No.12, Data Paper no. 74, ix.<o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> <div style="mso-element:endnote" id="edn4"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-endnote-id: edn4" href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/17762720-Melayu-Petanidoc-an-Article-for-Jurnal.doc#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[iv]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> <span class="heading">W K <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Che</st1:city> <st1:state st="on">Man.</st1:state></st1:place><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>(1990). <i>'Muslim Separatism: The Moros of Southern Philippines and the Malays of <st1:place st="on">Southern Thailand</st1:place>'</i>. , <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Manila</st1:place></st1:city>: Ateneo de Manila University Press. </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><o:p> </o:p></span></p> </div></div></b></span><p></p>Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-32134081463842423542010-01-02T22:25:00.000-08:002010-01-02T22:27:02.569-08:00WHO ARE THE PATANI MALAYS<p class="MsoBodyText"><b><span lang="EN-GB">WHO ARE THE PATANI MALAYS</span></b></p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span lang="EN-GB">The Malay Muslim communities are vastly located in Patani Raya, the southern provinces of <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Thailand</st1:place></st1:country-region>. The census report of 2007 carried out by<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Thailand Survey Office or NTSO shows that there are approximately 2 million people living in the provinces of Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, Satun and Songkhla. Another one million Muslims inhabit the central-southern provinces near Nakorn Sri Thammarat.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>Another one million Muslim people live in the area of greater <st1:city st="on">Bangkok</st1:city>, in central <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Thailand</st1:place></st1:country-region>. They have inhabited the area for a very long time and are not recent migrants. Many have settled in the Lower Isthmus of Kra, yet they have never willingly assimilated into modern <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Thailand</st1:country-region></st1:place> (Teeuw & Wyatt, 1970).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-outline-level: 1"><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> Language and Dialects</o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-US">The Malay Muslims in <st1:place st="on">Southern Thailand</st1:place> can be divided into three groups based on the use of the Malay language: 1) those who speak Patani Malay dialect and use the Jawi/Arabic script. 2) Those who can speak Patani Malay but cannot read Jawi. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>This group can also read and speak Thai, the national language. 3) Those who cannot speak the Malay language at all but are proficient in the Thai language. The third category of Malays can be found in Satun (Setul). </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> <b><span lang="EN-US">Education</span></b><span lang="EN-US"><span style="mso-tab-count: 10"> </span></span></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><span lang="EN-US">The government policy of compulsory education for primary/junior grade has resulted in a growing number of Malay Muslims becoming more literate in the Thai language. On the other hand the number of Muslim children who discontinue their schooling from government schools had increased significantly. Some further their schooling in private religious schools where they study a combination of Thai secular subjects and Islamic subject. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><b><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><b><span lang="EN-US">Livelihood<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><span lang="EN-US">The provinces of <st1:place st="on">South Thailand</st1:place> are primarily rural with only about 12% living in urban areas. Most Malays are agriculturists, growing rice, fruit, vegetables and rubber. Although rice is the staple food, the local economy is not based on wet-rice agriculture. The southern provinces depend on rubber and fruit orchards and fishing. When the world price for rubber and tin declined in the 1970s, some Patani Malays went to work in <st1:country-region st="on">Malaysia</st1:country-region> and the <st1:place st="on">Middle East</st1:place>. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"">Most Patani Muslims are self-employed either as farmers or fishermen and some worked as laborers. The Patani Malays was also employed to work in the paddy/rice field in <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Malaysia</st1:country-region></st1:place>, during the rice seasons. Even though the southern provinces of <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Thailand</st1:place></st1:country-region>, are small, but are rich in natural resources. This allows the Patani people to grow a variety of native crops, which include rubber, coconut, and tropical fruits. The coast provides fish for the many fishermen. Unfortunately, both farming and fishing are seasonal types of occupations. In addition, the fishing</span><span lang="EN-US"> industry has been threatened by the large-scale fishing businesses that have developed recently. The southern portion of <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Thailand</st1:country-region></st1:place> is also rich in minerals, such as tin, gold, wolfram, manganese, and natural gas. Yet, the economy in this region is struggling and poor in comparison to the rest of the country. As a result, the Pattani lead a below or average kind of lifestyle.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%;mso-pagination: widow-orphan no-line-numbers"><b><span lang="EN-US">Culture and Religion</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><span lang="EN-US">The Patani Malay Muslim of South Thailand traditionally lives in close-knitted communities. They place a high value on social acceptance within their community. Many Patani Malay Muslims feel threatened by the Thai Buddhist majority in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Thailand</st1:place></st1:country-region>. The Patani society is organized much like the typical Malay socio-political structure, due to the influence of Islam and Malay culture. Majority of the Patani Malays are strongly Muslims<a style="mso-endnote-id:edn1" href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/17762720-Melayu-Petanidoc-an-Article-for-Jurnal.doc#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"MS Mincho";mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:JA;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[i]</span></span></span></span></a> and the majority belong to the Sunni sect of Islam and adheres to the Shafie school of thought. However, lately there are indications that the Wahabbi sect may have also an influence in the region, seen by their generous donations for the pondok and religious schools.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;text-align:justify;line-height: 150%"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"">The mosque and its significant to the Patani Muslim<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style="text-align:justify;line-height:150%"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS"">The mosque and Muslim festivals and observances are integral part in the life of the Patani Malays. The mosque is a place not only for religious practices, but where cultural identity is expressed. It provides education and is the center of community celebrations as a leader of the mosque; the Imam is often regarded as the leader of the village or community. The imams not only acted as community leaders, but as advisors and the link between the Thai officials and the Malays community. <span style="mso-tab-count:4"> </span>Because of the distrust against some of the Thai government officials, many of the Patani Malay Muslims turn to their Muslim religious and community leaders to voice their problems and concerns.<span style="mso-tab-count:1"> </span>It is undeniably true that the Malays of Southern Thailand shares common and traditional values to that of the Malaysian Malays; in fact both groups belong to the same ethnic descent. There are relatives across the borders and this kin relationship still existed till this day thus can be observed during wedding festivals or any other religious activities especially those that have religious significant, such as the Muslim festivals of Aidil Fitri and Aidil Adha. Across border travel had been made easy with the issuance of border passes that are only valid for the residents of Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan and Perak.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Arial Unicode MS""><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <div style="mso-element:endnote-list"><br /> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%"> <div style="mso-element:endnote" id="edn1"> <p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><a style="mso-endnote-id: edn1" href="file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/17762720-Melayu-Petanidoc-an-Article-for-Jurnal.doc#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""><span style="mso-special-character:footnote"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA">[i]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> The quotation on or how religious the Patani’s now are matters of questionable remarks, in a sense that there seem to be a division on the religious affinity attached to the younger generation. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div></div>Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-75364989321319127062010-01-02T19:12:00.000-08:002010-12-08T03:45:47.323-08:00Samudera Pasai Sultanate<span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: separate; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; font-size: medium;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(34, 34, 34); font-family: Arial,Tahoma,Helvetica,FreeSans,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><img src="http://www.melayuonline.com/image/history/2009/samudra-pasai-rev-00.jpg" class="imgFull" style="padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);" /><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><b>1.</b></span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><b>History</b></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">When the establishment of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai can not be ascertained accurately and still be a debate of the historians.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">However, there is confidence that the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai established earlier than the Ottoman dynasty in Turkey which has become one superpower in the world civilization.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">If the Ottoman Dynasty began to put the power in about the year 1385 AD, the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai been spreading its influence in Southeast Asia since 1297 AD.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">A number of historians and researchers from Europe at the time of Dutch colonial occupation has been some time doing research to reveal the origin of the existence of one of the largest government in Aceh this earth.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Some scholars and researchers from the Netherlands, including Snouck Hurgronje, JP Moquette, JL Moens, J.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Poll Hushoff, GP Rouffaer, HKJ Cowan, and others, agree on the expectation that the new Sultanate of Samudera Pasai standing in the middle of the 13th century and by putting the name of Sultan Malik Al Salih as its founder (Rusdi Sufi & Agus Budi Wibowo, 2006:50).</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Malik Al Salih own name is known and different writing, including Malik Ul Salih, Malik Al Saleh, Malikussaleh, Malik Al Salih, or Malik Saleh Ul.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><b>a.</b></span></i></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><b>The Origin of Ocean Pasai Nomination</b></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The full names of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai is "Aca Pasai Ocean", which means "Ocean of good government in the capital Pasai" (HM Zainuddin, 1961:116).</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Centre of government is now no longer exists but its location is estimated to be around the state Blang Malay.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The name "Ocean" that is used as the name of the island is now called Sumatra, as mentioned by the Portuguese.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Previously, the name of the region is the island of Perca.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">While the rover is coming from China / Chinese call it by name "Chincou", which means "Island of Gold", like that known from the writings of I'tsing.</span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kertanegara King, leader of the famous Singasari Government, saying this area<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Suwarnabhumi name,</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>which means that it is similar to what is called by the people of China, "The Island of Gold".</span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultanate of Samudera Pasai an Islamic government, which is located along the coast of northern Sumatra, more or less around the city of Lhokseumawe, North Aceh today.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Written records that had been believed by historians to trace the history of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai Malay historiography is a three-book<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>saga</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>that<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>King Pasai, Malay History,</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and the<i>saga of King Bakoy. Hikayat Raja Pasai</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>give a big influence in efforts to reveal the history of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai, although nuances of myth is still a problem in interpreting the truth.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><img src="http://www.melayuonline.com/image/history/2009/samudra-pasai-rev-01.jpg" class="imgFull" style="padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);" /><br /></span></i><span><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Put the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai</span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">About the name "Ocean" and "Pasai", appeared a number of opinions that try to parse the origins of the use of the name.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">One is as set forth by European scholars, JL Moens, who says that the word "Pasai" comes from the term "Persian".</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">According to Moens, those traders who came from Persia to say the word "Pasai" with the text "Pa'Se."</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Moens analysis can be accepted, with a note that since the 7th century AD the merchants who came from Persia has arrived and stopped in an area that later became the place of establishment of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai (MD Mansoer, 1963:59).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Opinion Moens received support from several people, including Prof.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Gabriel Ferrand, in his work entitled<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>L'Empire</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(1922), also in the book<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>The Golden Khersonese</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(1961), written by Assoc.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Paul Wheatley.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Both work in leveraging data-data on the evidence of the rover from the Middle East to travel to Southeast Asia.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Both Gabriel and Paul Wheatley Ferrand alike agree that since the 7th century AD, major ports in Southeast Asia, including in the Malacca Strait, have been visited by people traveling and the merchants who came from West Asia.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Also mentioned that in all the cities there were trade-foundation or foundation settlement, the settlement of Muslim traders who stopped and stayed there.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">H.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Mohammad Said, a journalist as well as writers who dedicated his life to research and publish books events in Aceh, including the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai and the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam, tend to conclude that the origin of the naming muasal "Pasai" comes from Chinese merchants.</span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">According to Said, the term<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>"Po Se"</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>is popularly used in the mid-eighth century AD, as found in the records and reports from the China trip rover, identical and similar to the mention of the word "Pase" or "Pasai" (Said, 1963:2004-205).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">There is also an opinion that says that the name "Pasai" comes from the word "tapasai"</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">which means "the sea".</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The word "tapa"</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">are frequently found in the Polynesian languages meaning "edge".</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The word "Sai"</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">can be interpreted as a "sea", which is also included in the vocabulary of the Malay-Polynesian continent.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The word "Pasai"</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">is a synonym of the word "beach".</span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Similarly, the word "ocean"</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">which also means "not far from the sea."</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">So, both "Ocean" or "Pasai" implies more or less the same, that "the country is situated on the sea" (Slamet Muljana, 2005:136).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Name Pasai Ocean and often was mentioned in various sources was found, both from external sources or local sources.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The sources from outside the archipelago are often mentioned the existence of a region called the Ocean and Pasai such as reports or notes of the journey, the journey of Chinese origin, Arab, India, and Europe, who had stopped to Pasai Ocean region.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The course notes as written by Marco Polo, Odorico, Ibn Batuta, Tome Pires, as well as news from China.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span lang="IN"></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">While the source of the domestic one, as enshrined in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>the National</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Book<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Kertagama</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Mpu Prapanca written works within the 13th century until the 14th century AD.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ibn Batuta, a Muslim traveler from Morocco, Morocco, for example, in a note saying that he had visited in 1345 M. Pasai</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ibn Batuta, who stopped at Pasai for 15 days, the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai describes as "a country that is green with a large port city and the beautiful.''Ibn Batuta tells, when I arrived in China, he saw the ship Sultan Pasai in the state.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Indeed, Chinese sources said that there is a messenger Pasai routinely come to China to deliver the tribute.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Note on the Mongol Dynasty in China showed that some governments in Sumatra, including the Government of the Ocean / Pasai, had established relations with the Mongolian Government was under the command of Kubhilai Khan.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Government Ocean / Pasai starting relationship with the Mongol Dynasty in 1282.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Government Ocean / Pasai in touch with the great empires in Asia by the Chinese mission that returned from the South Indian Ocean with stops in Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">This event is regarded as the initial contact between Ocean Pasai with Chinese / Mongolian (Muhammad Gade Ismail, 1997:23).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><img src="http://www.melayuonline.com/image/history/2009/samudra-pasai-rev-02.jpg" class="imgFull" style="padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);" /><br /></span></i><span><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Mausoleum of the First Marine Board Pasai</span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Other information also mentions that the Sultan had sent envoys Pasai Ocean to Quilon, Western India, in 1282 AD</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">This proves that the Sultanate of Pasai have wide relations with other governments abroad.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In addition, the travel notes titled<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Tuhfat Al-Nazha,</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ibn Batuta said, at that time Pasai have transformed the center of Islamic studies in Southeast Asia.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Logging of Portuguese origin who had settled in Malacca in the period 1512-1515, Tomi Pires, said that Pasai is the most important city in time for the whole of Sumatra, because there are no other important places on the island unless Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The name of the city by some people called the Ocean and then stick with the name Ocean Pasai and became a symbol to refer to the island of Sumatra.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Pasai City, according to Tomi Pires, assessed a population of not less than 20,000 people (Ismail, 1997:37).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Marco Polo reported that in 1267 AD was established the first Islamic government of the archipelago, which is none other than the Sultanate Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Marco Polo visited Pasai in the reign of Sultan Malik Al Salih, exactly in 1292 AD, when the government has not been long standing, but has showed the potential prosperity.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Marco Polo stopped the Ocean Pasai in network journey from China to Persia.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">At that time, Marco Polo from Italy to participate in the delegation who visited Sumatra sepulang attend the invitation of Kublai Khan, the King of the Mongols, who also controls the territory of China.</span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Marco Polo mentions, people in Pasai at that time are still many who have not embraced the religion (Islam), but the community of Arabs, called by the name of Marco<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Saraceen</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>- have quite a lot and plays an important role in the effort to circumcise the people of Aceh.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Marco Polo mentions disinggahinya areas such as "Giava Minor" or "Java Minor" (Mohammad H. Said, 1963:82-83).</span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Apart from written sources and records in the course of the race rover, other evidence that at least some help to reveal the history of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai obtained from the remains of the abandoned civilization, like ancient tombs made of granite or marble and currency- Dirham named<i>Deureuham</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>or are found in Sub-Ocean, North Aceh district, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Time of the death of Sultan Malik Al Salih, the founder of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai, knowing from his own writings that appear on a headstone is found in the Blang Me, ie in 697 Hijri or 1297 AD coincided with the years.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Meanwhile, when Malik Al Salih was born not found evidence that more clear.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><img src="http://www.melayuonline.com/image/history/2009/samudra-pasai-rev-03.jpg" class="imgFull" style="padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);" /><br /></span></i><span><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Applicable Currency Pasai Ocean</span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The sources of the origin of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai muasal version of Western scholars who formulated the Dutch colonial era was different from what is believed to be leaders of national historians and scholars at the time when Indonesia gained its independence.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the "History of the National Seminar" held in Medan, North Sumatra, on March 17-20, 1963, and the seminar "Entry and Growth of Islam in Aceh", which was held on July 10-16, 1978 in Banda Aceh,</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">among others was attended by Prof Hamka, Prof. A.</span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Hasjmy, Prof. H.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Atjeh Aboe Bakar, H.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Mohammad Said, and MD Mansoer, has raised a different perspective in the history of the establishment of the Sultanate of effort menelisik Pasai Ocean.</span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Based on a number of indicators and sources of more recent, including explanations of Arab travelers on the Southeast Asia as well as two local script is found in Aceh, namely "Idhahul Fi Mamlakatil Peureula Rights" by Abu Ishaq Al Makarany and "Tawarich Kings The Government of Aceh ", the experts concluded that the national history of Islamic government Pasai Ocean has stood since the 11th century, or rather the year 433 Hijri alias of calendar year 1042 AD (Sufi & Wibowo, 2005:52).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The location of the establishment of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai, have been also efforts to research and investigation, one of them efforts by the Office of the excavation is done Archeological Department of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">From this research effort found that the location of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai located in the area called Pasai, which is now located in the North Aceh district, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">According to GP Rouffaer, one Dutch scholar who seriously investigates the history of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai, said that the first Pasai park on the right of Pasai River, while the Ocean is located on the left side of river.</span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">However, over time, both places are collected into one place and then made the establishment of a great kingdom, that the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai (T. Ibrahim Alfian, 1973:21).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><b>b.</b></span></i></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><b>Ocean, Pasai, and the influence of Egypt</b></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">There are several different views of formulating and interpreting the origin of the establishment of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">One is the notion that the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai is a continuation of the history of pre-Islamic kingdoms that have existed previously.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In a book entitled "The collapse of the Government and the emergence of Hindu-Javanese Muslim countries in the Archipelago", Slamet Muljana wrote that Nazimuddin Al Kamil, Navy Admiral Fathimiah Dynasty in Egypt, conquered the kingdom of Hindu / Buddhist in Aceh and managed to dominate the region fertile Pasai known.</span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Nazimuddin Al-Kamil later founded a kingdom at the mouth of the River Pasai in 1128 AD by the name of Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The reason the government established the dynasty Fathimiah Pasai based on a desire to trade in the eastern coastal area of Sumatra that was very crowded.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ambition is to soothe inflammation, Dynasty Fathimiah deploy a fleet of war in order to seize the city Kambayat in Gujarat, to open a port city in Pasai, and attacked the pepper producing area that is Right and Kampar Kampar Kiri in Minangkabau.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In a military expedition to seize it in the Minangkabau region, Nazimuddin Al-Kamil died and his remains buried in Bangkinang, the Kampar River in 1128 was also the Senior (Muljana, 2005:133).</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In 1168, Fathimiah Dynasty, which was founded in 976 AD, was defeated by Saladin's army who profess madzhab Shafi.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">With the collapse of the dynasty Fathimiah, the relationship with Egypt Pasai automatically disconnected.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the same sources mentioned that the router Nazimuddin Al-Kamil as ruler of the Kingdom of Samudera Admiral Kafrawi Al-Kamil, but in 1204 AD Pasai power fell into the hands of Admiral of the Island We Johan Jani.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Under the control of Admiral Johan Jani who is Persian-breed Indian, Pasai stronger and was transformed into the most powerful maritime nation in the Nusantara (Muljana, 2005:114).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In Egypt, there is a new dynasty to replace Fathimiah Dynasty.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">New Dynasty Dynasty Mamaluk is living in a time frame from 1285 to 1522.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Like its predecessor, Dynasty Mamaluk also want to trade in the Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the early years of existence, Mamaluk Dynasty sent envoys to Pasai, ie, a preacher of the old Islamic learning in the holy land of Mecca known as Sheikh Ismail and Fakir Muhammad, a former scholar of the West Coast of India.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Pasai, the envoy was met with angry embarrassment that when it became a member of the armed forces Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sheikh Ismail and Fakir Muhammad managed to persuade the angry embarrassment for Moslems.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Furthermore, with the help of Mamaluk Dynasty in Egypt, they founded the Kingdom of the Ocean as a counterbalance to Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Angry embarrassment crowned the Sultan Government Ocean.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Neither the Government nor Pasai Ocean, both located at the mouth of the River Pasai and facing toward the Strait of Malacca.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><b>c.</b></span></i></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><b>History Samudera Pasai in the saga</b></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Another version of the history and development emerged from the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai which tells the tale of the existence of this government, especially in the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>saga of King Pasai.</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>According to the narration found in the<i>Hikayat Raja Pasai,</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>government, led by Sultan Malik Al Salih was first named the Ocean Kingdom.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The Pasai is a new rule and accompanying the subsequent existence of the Government of the Ocean.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The origin of the name of the government, there are stories that lie behind them.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>saga of King Pasai</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>told, the emergence of the name Kingdom of the Ocean began when angry embarrassment while walking with her pet dog named Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">When they arrived at a high altitude, a dog belonging hesistate Angry sudden loud barking because it met with a large red ants.</span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Anger and embarrassment to catch the giant ants and then eat it.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">From here arises ilhamnya to name a new government founded under the name of the Government's Ocean original language could be interpreted as "a big red ants."</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><img src="http://www.melayuonline.com/image/history/2009/samudra-pasai-rev-04.jpg" class="imgFull" style="padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);" /><br /></span></i><span><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Copy First Page<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>Masjid Pasai</span></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">While the origin of Pasai, the story of the same post, one day, angry that embarrassment when it was called the Sultan Malik Al Salih after leading the Government's Ocean, with the controller is doing at any hunting dog named Sultan who is also participating Pasai .</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Occurred a strange incident when Pasai released into the forest and see a deer, two different animal species together with the familiar talking.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">When Sultan Malik Al Salih want to catch it, the deer ran into the arms of a dog named Sultan Pasai it.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In a surprise, Sultan Malik Al Salih was minded to build a state in place.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Once the land is located, by Sultan Malik Al Salih Pasai named, as the name of the dog that inspired the construction of the new state.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The dog was alone and dying in the new state.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">As the representative of Sultan Malik Al Salih is still residing in the Kingdom of the Ocean, then dititahkanlah son named Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul to lead Pasai (Russell Jones [ed.], 1999:23).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Although quite a lot of researchers are leaning<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Pasai Masjid</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>as a platform source of information to reveal the history and origin of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai, but not least is the dubious validity.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">This is because the story is not a purely historical range, but many are interspersed with stories which might not have really happened, but not uncommon form of stories and myths that are difficult to accept that logic, the legitimacy of government that existed at the time it.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Cast doubt on the truth contained in the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>saga of King Pasai</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>such as presented by AD Hill stated that the text of the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Hikayat Raja Pasai</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>third part was only just beginning.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Similarly, Teuku Ibrahim Alfian disappointed that because of the mention of<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Masjid Pasai</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>historical data, so it had to take information from other sources.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In fact, never mentions that Snouck Hugronje<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Pasai Masjid</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>was "a fairy story chlidren.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Hugronje scathing statement it seems is a peak fatality<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Pasai Masjid</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>as a source of historical information.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">These data show that during the literature has been seen in the pragmatic dimension through the study of historical or Filologis (Siti Chamamah Soeratno, 2002:36).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><b>d.</b></span></i></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><b>The existence of Pasai Ocean Journey</b></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Before embracing Islam, the original name of Malik Al Salih was angry embarrassment or Meurah Shiloh.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">"Meurah" is a call to honor those who exalted rank, while the "Silo" could be perceived as glare or sparkle.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Angry embarrassment is a descendant of Imam Four or tribe is often referred to Sukee Imuem Peuet, which is a reference to the four sons of Emperor / Meurah brothers who came from the Mon Khmer (Champa) who is the founder of the first governments in Aceh prior to entry and growth of Islam.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ancestors who founded the kingdoms of the Hindu / Buddhist in Aceh is among the Emperor Syahir Po-He-La are building government Peureulak (Po-He-La) in East Aceh, Syahir Tanwi flying the flag of the Government Jeumpa (Champa) in Peusangan ( Bireuen), Syahir Poly (Pau-Ling) who uphold the banner of Indra Government Cooperation in Pidie, as well as trigger the establishment of Syahir Nuwi Indra of the Ancient Kingdom of Banda Aceh and Aceh Besar.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>saga of King Pasai</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>told that Marah Marah berayahkan embarrassment and his mother was daughter Gadjah Sewer.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Angry embarrassment to have a brother named Marah Sum.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">After the death of his parents, two brothers left home and began wandering life.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sum angry then became the ruler of the territory Bieruen, while angry embarrassment on the upper reaches of open land Peusangan located not far from the mouth of the River Pasai until finally it became the throne of the Kingdom of the Ocean.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><img src="http://www.melayuonline.com/image/history/2009/samudra-pasai-rev-05.jpg" class="imgFull" style="padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);" /><br /></span></i><span><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Batu Nisan Angry embarrassment or Sultan Malik Al Salih</span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">As mentioned earlier, angry embarrassment alias Sultan Malik Al Salih Islam on the blarney Mamaluk Dynasty envoys of Egypt, Shaykh Muhammad Ismail and Fakir.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Angry Islamic embarrassment reaffirmed in the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>saga of King Pasai</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>to provide records that the Prophet Muhammad has mentioned the name of the Government of the Ocean, and also for people in the government diislamkan by one of the companions of the Prophet, in this case is defined as the Sheikh Ismail.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">With the entry of this saga, it is possible that the teachings of Islam had entered the territory of Aceh shortly after the Prophet Muhammad died, which is in about the first century of Hijra, or about the 7th century or the AD-8 years.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Can be expected is that Islam is brought into Aceh directly from Mecca (Sufi & Wibowo, 2005:58-59).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The data on Islam in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Masjid Pasai</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Pasai by showing that Pasai the first place that diislamkan.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Apparently, such as written in the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>saga of King Pasai,</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Prophet Muhammad (Allah) did that brought Islam to the Ocean / Pasai, was in bed when face to face in the embarrassment the Anger of Allah.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Prophet Muhammad was the mensyahdatkan and make angry embarrassment to read the Qur'an as much as 30 juz, which is after the Prophet spat in the mouth angry embarrassment.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">He also makes angry embarrassment was circumcised.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Islamization through a direct role Messenger presumably indicates that the essential process of Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In this process Angry hesistate to stay until the process of Islamization was named to run smoothly (Chamamah, 2002:40).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">When Malik Salih Al Sultan was named as the first Government of the Ocean, the coronation ceremony conducted by Arab forces in the Al Salih Malik wore crowned with awards from the government of Mecca.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">This means, the coronation is in Arabic, not by way of India.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">This means longer, Malik Al Salih likely have converted to Islam at the time of Sultan Government crowned Ocean.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">After the coronation ceremony, all the warlords and the people immediately honor and worship them by calling the new sultan: "Long live Daulat Shah Alam Zilluilahi fil-natural."</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Mention of honorary degrees to the king is also very closely with Arab names.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In a series of similar ceremonies, were also set two Big Man, as an adviser to Sultan, which is rich and Tun Tun Sri Sri Baba Rich.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Aroma Islam more so when the second man was later given the title of an effective Arab, each with the name of Sayid Ali Khiatuddin to Tun Sri Kaya and Sayid Asmayuddin to Tun Sri Baba Rich (Said, 1963:85).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Malik Al Salih was married to Princess algae Sari, descendants of Sultan Aladdin Muhammad Amin bin Abdul Kadi of Government Perlak.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">From this marriage, Sultan Malik Al Salih blessed with two sons, namely Muhammad and Abdullah.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Later, Muhammad is believed to lead Pasai, called Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul (Sultan Malik Al Tahir), side by side with his father, who still lead the Government's hefty Ocean.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The second son of Sultan Malik Al Salih, Abdullah, to opt out of a large family and Pasai Ocean Government, by establishing self-government Aru Barumun Sultanate in 1295.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Under the leadership of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul, Pasai experiencing the success.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ibn Batuta record times achieved a golden era Pasai the reign of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ibn Batuta recorded that the lands in the region so fertile Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Trade and business activities in the government that was sufficiently advanced, proven to have used the currency, including foreign currencies made of gold, as a means of transaction in the economic life of the people Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In addition to establishing relations with countries from outside the archipelago, the trade relations with merchants from the island of Java was so good.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In fact, the merchant Java gets special treatment because they have not collected the tax.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Typically, those traders from Java to change the rice with the pepper.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><img src="http://www.melayuonline.com/image/history/2009/samudra-pasai-rev-06.jpg" class="imgFull" style="padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);" /><br /></span></i><span><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Masjid Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul</span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ibn Batuta tells, after sailing for 25 days from Barhnakar (now in the territory of Myanmar), he landed in a place that is very fertile.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ibn Batuta can not cover the taste so kagumnya Pasai centers around the city.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">He was so amazed to see a very beautiful city surrounded by magnificent walls.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ibn Batuta noted that he had to walk about four miles to ride from the port which he called<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Sahra</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>to get to the center of town.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Government center of the city is big enough and beautiful and comes with a tower-dancing made of solid timber.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">At the center of the city, writes Ibn Batuta, a place to stay the ruling and aristocratic government.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The most important building is the Sultan Palace and Mosque (Ismail, 1997:37).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the fence that surrounds the city, the residence of the rulers and nobles of the people covered by government outside the fence.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">All commercial life in the town, the newcomers from the countryside, the strangers, the craftsmen, and all other urban activities located outside the fences around the center of town.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Foreign persons are often not allowed to live in a certain distance from the Palace of the Sultan, but sometimes they have to live outside the city.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">If the explanation of Ibn Batuta is considered correct, it can be said that the city government center Pasai sultans who ruled in Pasai, in the middle area is a core area which is occupied by the Sultan Palace.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The palace has a fence that serves as a boundary that distinguishes the Sultan Palace the market area where trade activities and other activities take place.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">According to Ibn Batuta records, Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul is the figure of a leader who has a passion to learn the high demands of Islamic sciences.</span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Batuta also noted that Islamic studies center that was built within the government into a discussion among scholars and government elites.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ibn Batuta even include the name of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul as one of the seven kings of the world that has tremendous advantages.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The seventh king who has the uncanny ability by Ibn Batuta among others, the King of the Malay Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul dinilainya the breadth and depth of knowledge, the King of the Romans are very forgiving, King of Iraq a courteous, very friendly Raja Hindustani, the noble king of Yemen, Turkey mighty king, king of Turkistan, and wise.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Effects of Ibn Batuta the figure of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul is so deep.</span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">As king, Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul is a very good, generous, humble, and have noticed the poor.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Although he had conquered many kingdoms, Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul never be jumawa.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan, said Batuta, was a leader of Islamic law is put forward.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">"Very humble personality.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">He went to the mosque for Friday prayers on foot.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Finished praying, Sultan and his entourage around the city for ordinary people to see the situation, "as Ibn Batuta describes the figure of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Humility is one of the Sultan welcomed the group is shown when Ibn Batuta<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>(Republika,</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>May 21, 2008).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In its golden period, and the Government Pasai Ocean appears to be a center of international trade.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Government of the Islamic port was crowded with traders and merchants from different continents such as Asia, Africa, China, and Europe.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The region where the Government stands and Pasai Ocean, namely in the Malacca Strait, it is a strategic business areas.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">At that time, the Malacca Strait is a sea trade route is often the location of the transaction and called on merchants from all corners of the earth, as from Siam (Thailand), China, India, Arabia, to Persia (Iran).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><img src="http://www.melayuonline.com/image/history/2009/samudra-pasai-rev-07.jpg" class="imgFull" style="padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);" /><br /></span></i><span><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Position Pasai (Pacém) in the Map Trade in Asia</span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In addition to the trade center, the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai is also a center of religion and government emerged as the first in Indonesia to follow the teachings of Islam.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The success of the Sultanate and the Sultanate of Pasai Ocean, located in Ocean Geudong, Aceh Utara, beginning with the consolidation of small government in the area Perlak, such as Jungle and Seumerlang Jreum.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the period of the 13th century to early 16th-century, Pasai is the area's leading producer of spices in the world, with pepper as one of the prime commodity.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Each year, Pasai able to export pepper with a big production.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Not only that, Pasai also a producer of other commodities such as silk, camphor, and gold.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul have two sons, namely Malikul Mansur Mahmud and Malikul.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">When Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul ultimately died because of illness, the leadership reins temporarily handed Pasai Sultan Malik Al Salih, who also led the Government of the Ocean, because the second son of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul still a very young age.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">By Sultan Malik Al Salih, the two tribes had been referred to the standard figures that they may well lead the government at a later time.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Malikul Mahmud handed over to Sayid Ali Baharuddin, while educated by Sayid Mansur Malikul Semayamuddin.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">When the prince is growing up and felt ready to lead the government, the Sultan Malik Al Salih also stepped down from his throne, including the two governments, namely the Government and Pasai Ocean.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Instead, according to the agreement, General Persons, lifted the Sultan Mahmud Malikul Pasai, while the Sultan Mansur Malikul Ocean Kingdom.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">However, the harmony of the sultan's brother and sister did not last long due to the feud between them.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The cause is the act of Sultan Mansur who was fond of one of his wife of Sultan Mahmud's brother is none other than his own.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the end, Sultan Mansur was arrested and expelled from the kingdom until later died in transit.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Be Malikul Sultan Mahmud dominated government throne Pasai Ocean and the government to digabungkanlah became the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Since 1346, the leadership of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai Malikul under the regime of Sultan Mahmud was succeeded by his son named Ahmad Permadala Permala.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Once crowned as the ruler of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai, he was awarded honorary degrees by the name of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Hikayat Raja</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>told<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Pasai,</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir endowed five children, three of them boys while the rest were two girls.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Three sons of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir each named Tun Beraim father, Tun Abdul Jalil, and the Tun Abdul Fadil.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">While her two daughters are named Tun and Tun Takiah Medam Bitter Virgin.</span></span><span lang="IN"></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Had a really embarrassing thing happened on the way the leadership of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir, which in turn is closely linked to the image as a bad leader.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">According to the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Hikayat Raja Pasai,</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The Sultan was put doted on his own two daughters, namely Tun Tun Takiah field and Bitter Virgin.</span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Extreme attitudes of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir is of course raises the wrath of many parties, including Tun Beraim Father who is none other than the eldest son of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Tun Beraim Father dear life to protect his sister from the savagery of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir by running them for safekeeping in a place.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Feel opposed by his own son, Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir get mad and then ordered the guards to kill Tun Beraim Father.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Prince should be the crown prince was eventually killed after eating the poison given the messenger of the father (Jones [ed.], 1999:35-56).</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Not long after, the sister of Father Tun Beraim soon followed his brother to take the same poison.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Terrorism Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir not stop there.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The Sultan returned berulah rude when I heard the news that there was a princess of the Majapahit Kingdom, Radin Galuh clang, the two fell in love with the son of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir, namely Tun Abdul Jalil.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir feel offended because he himself is also put at the heart of the beautiful daughter of the King of Majapahit.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">And then, as enshrined in the<i>saga of King Pasai,</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir again mandated the lives of his men to finish Tun Abdul Jalil, and when the plan is successful, the bodies of Tun Abdul Jalil sunk into the sea.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Meanwhile, because love is not unbearable, Radin Galuh clink together Pasai determined to go to the controller to meet Tun Abdul Jalil.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Arriving at Pasai, the delegation of Majapahit was to hear that clink Galuh sweethearts Radin is dead, killed by his own father.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The Princess is not the power of rage and then sink yourself into the sea in which the remains were buried Tun Abdul Jalil earlier.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The remaining guards who accompanied the delegation Radin Galuh clink right back into Java and report to the King of Majapahit about these tragic events.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The King of course heard the anger and outrage of his daughter's death was Sultan Pasai, and then immediately ordered the army to prepare to attack Majapahit Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Still time to give the game, battle fleet was superior to the kingdom of Majapahit and succeeded in occupying Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Because of the desperate, Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir escape to a place called suspect, which is located about fifteen days journey from the State Pasai.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Meanwhile, after a resounding victory by conquering Pasai, the team began preparing for war Majapahit back to Java after taking the spoils and prisoners of war from Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">On the way to Java, the Majapahit soldiers first camp stop at Palembang and Jambi to conquer the land, thus bringing more items to loot.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Such is the story of the conquest of the kingdom of Majapahit to Pasai as told in the book<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>saga of King Pasai</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>(Jones [ed.], 1999:57-65).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the genealogy of the rulers of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai lead, there was a female sultan was enthroned in the great state.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultanah Nahrasiyah (Nahrisyyah) Malikul Zahir reigning from 1420 to 1428, or about eight years.</span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultanah Nahrasiyah has named adviser to the title of Emperor Ariya Bakooy Bakooy Ahmad Permala.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ariya Bakooy is actually a controversial figure.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">It had warned people not to marry his daughter scholar himself, but the warning was ditentangnya.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In fact, Ariya Bakooy and even kill the 40 scholars.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ariya Bakooy finally fell to the title of Malik Musthofa Pocut Cindan Node Alam, who is none other than her husband Sultanah Nahrasiyah, with the help of Sultan Mahmud Syah Johan Alaiddin of the Government of Aceh Darussalam (1409-1465).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultanah Nahrasiyah a Muslim woman of great spirit.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">This is evidenced by his home décor is very special.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In nisannya, Arabic translation of the letter written citation reads: "This is the tomb of the holy women who shine Dear queen, who departed his sins forgiven, Nahrasiyah, daughter of Sultan Zainal Abidin, son of Sultan Ahmad, son of Sultan Muhammad, son of Sultan Salih Mailkus.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Mercy is poured on them and their sins forgiven.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">By the grace of God died on Monday, 17-Hijjah 832. "(Pocut Haslinda Hamid Azwar,<i>www.modusaceh-news.com,</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>2009).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><img src="http://www.melayuonline.com/image/history/2009/samudra-pasai-rev-08.jpg" class="imgFull" style="padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);" /><br /></span></i><span><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Tomb Complex refurbishment Sultanah Nahrasiyah (Nahrisyyah)</span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><b>e.</b></span></i></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><b>The remains of civilization collapse and Pasai Ocean</b></span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The success of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai begin to experience the threat of the greatest civilizations of Java at that time, from the Majapahit Empire of Gadjah Mada as the most legendary mahapatihnya.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Gadjah Mada was appointed as governor in Kahuripan in the period 1319-1321 AD by the King of Majapahit who at that time occupied by Jayanegara.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In 1331, Gadjah Mada Mahapatih when promoted to be led by Ratu Majapahit Tribuana Tunggadewi.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">When the appointment of Gadjah Mada became Mahapatih Majapahit is out with his speech called Palapa Oath, that the Gadjah Mada palapa will not enjoy the fruit before the entire archipelago under the Majapahit Kingdom power.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Gadjah Mada Mahapatih apparently little disturbed to hear the news about the greatness of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai across the sea there.</span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Majapahit concerned about the rapid progress of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Therefore, Gadjah Mada then prepare the plan of attack to conquer the ocean Pasai Majapahit.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Rumors about military attacks Majapahit, which Syiwa Hindus, the Muslim government Pasai Ocean Santer heard among the people in Aceh.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Expedition Pamalayu war fleet under the command of the Majapahit Kingdom, Gadjah Mada Mahapatih action began in 1350 with several phases.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Initial attack on the border of Majapahit Perlak have failed because the location is heavily guarded by the army of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai.</span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">However, Gadjah Mada University does not cancel the attack.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">He retreated to the sea and find the open on the east coast that is not maintained.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Elephant River, Gadjah Mada landed troops and establish a fortress on the hill, which until now known as the Hill or Bukit Meutan Gadjah Mada (Muljana, 2005:140).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Furthermore, Gadjah Mada conduct the interrogation of two major attacks, that the department of marine and terrestrial field.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The attack was launched on the coast by sea in Lhokseumawe and Jambu Air.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">While incursions by road is via Paya Gajah located between Perlak and Pedawa.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Attack of the land have failed because it is blocked by the army of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">While the attacks are done via the sea route instead to reach the palace.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><img src="http://www.melayuonline.com/image/history/2009/samudra-pasai-rev-09.jpg" class="imgFull" style="padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);" /><br /></span></i><span><i><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The power of the Majapahit Empire territories, including the Ocean Pasai</span></i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In addition to reasons of political factors, the Ocean Pasai Majapahit attacks also triggered because of the economic interest.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Commercial progress and prosperity in the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai Gadjah Mada had wanted to get of that success.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Expansion of Majapahit in order to dominate the region has been repeatedly Pasai Ocean and the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai was still able to hold before it finally began to recede slowly over the strengthening influence of Majapahit in the Strait of Malacca.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Until about the 16th century, Ocean Pasai still able to maintain its role as a city that has commercial activities with foreign countries.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The historian who shed his interest in economic development was noted that Pasai occupies a position as an international center of trade activity in the archipelago since the role of Kedah successfully rebutted (Said, 1963:125).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">But then, a role previously Pasai extremely important in trade flows in Southeast Asia and the world suffered a decline with the advent of the trading town of Malacca on the Malay Peninsula (Ismail, 1997:24).</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Malaka city soon became the prima donna in the field of trade and began to shift the position of Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Not long after Malacca was built, the city in a short time immediately flooded with immigrants, immigrants from Java.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Due to the rapid advancement of Malacca is obtained, the position and role of Pasai more and more cornered, almost all business activities become loose and eventually broke completely in the hands of Malacca since 1450.</span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Moreover, the ambition plus the arrival of the Portuguese trade in the Malay Peninsula.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The Portuguese who in 1521 managed to occupy the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai (Rusdi Sufi, 2004:57)</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Not only that, the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai in Aceh weakened when the government established a pioneering start to a great civilization and progress.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The new rule is that the Government of Aceh which was founded by Sultan Ali Shah Mughayat.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam itself built on the ruins of the kingdoms that ever existed in Aceh at the time of pre-Islamic, like the Ancient Kingdom of Indra, Indra Purwa Government, Government Indra Patra, and the Government Indrapura.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In 1524, the Government of Aceh under the leadership of Sultan Ali Shah attacked the Sultanate Mughayat Pasai Ocean.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Consequently, the greatness of Government prestige Ocean Pasai more completely overcast before the collapse.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Since then, the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai under the control of the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Traces of the civilization heritage of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai found, in 1913 and 1915 by a Dutch scientist named JJ de Vink, who took the initiative to conduct an inventory of the former omission Pasai Ocean.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Then, in 1937 was done in a cemetery restoration efforts sultans Pasai Ocean by the Dutch colonial government.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Then, in 1972, 1973, and in 1976 the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai relics found in the Ocean Geudong district, North Aceh district, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, has diinventarisasi by the Director General of Culture, Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Recent developments, in the year 2009 has been found several relics related to the history of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In March 2009, the Islamic Cultural History Research Team informed us that they have discovered the tomb of Al Wazir Al Afdal, who served as Prime Minister of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Grave is located in Teupin Ara, Ocean District, North Aceh district, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Al Wazir Al Afdhal known to have served as prime minister during the reign of the last regime Pasai Ocean, Sultan Zain al Abidin is also often known by the name of Sultan Zainal Abidin, who ruled for two terms, namely in the period 1477-1500 and 1513-1524 .</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">From the findings obtained evidence that Al Wazir Al Afdal Zulkaedah died on 7 months of 1518 in 923 H or M.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the same year, Sultan Zainal Abidin also died.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">At the cemetery headstone Al Wazir Al Afdal, there are poems that describe kezuhudan that the world is transient, just like a nest of spiders knit.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The same poem was written on the grave of Sultan Malik Al Salih who expressed the sinking of the Ocean civilization Pasai<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>(www.indowarta.com,</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>March 25, 2009).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">On the occasion of</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Meanwhile, the Islamic Cultural History of the Research Team also claimed to have found a stamp or mark the estimated age of 683 years.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Stamp of the government that is predicted to belong Malikul Sultan Muhammad Zahir, the second sultan Pasai Ocean, was found not far from the tomb of Abdullah bin Muhammad, in the village of Kuta Krueng, Ocean District, North Aceh district.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Abdullah bin Muhammad (died 816 H/1414 M) itself is one of the descendants of the Abbasid caliph, Al-Mustanshir Billah, who holds Shadr Al Akabir (leader of the speaker) in the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai at that time.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Seals are found to have broken at the handle portion measuring 2 × 1 cm, and apparently made from a type of animal horns.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">From finding a location in Kuta FORUM, estimated mark was used until the reign of the last leader of Pasai Ocean, Sultan Zainal Abidin<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>(www.acehlong.com,</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>March 17, 2009).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Then, in June 2009, the Foundation dedicated team of researchers from Nurul Islam (YWNI) Lhokseumawe announced that they had found the tomb is believed to be the last place persemayaman Kanayan King, a warlord in the reign of Sultan Zain Al-Abidin.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Tomb of King Kanayan found in the village of Meunasah Ujoung Blang Me, Ocean District, North Aceh district.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Based on the research, it is known that King Kanayan died on Friday, December 3 Sha'ban 872 H or 1468 AD.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Thus, King Kanayan have lived during the reign of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai some regimes, and died at the time of Sultan Zainal Abidin.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Besides the tomb of King Kanayan, also found a number of other tombs.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In fact, the research team predict there are other tie-tie disappear into the ground at the tomb complex is situated not far from the east bank of the River Pasai it.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The new tombs were found is not listed in the inventory of the historical site of Culture<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>(www.waspadaonline.com,</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>June 20, 2009).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Finally, in August 2009, the Research Institute of Islamic History (LePSI) Lhokseumawe revealed that they are reviewing the manuscript letter of Sultan Zainal Abidin, died in 923 Hijri or 1518 AD.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The letter was addressed to Captain Moran representatives acting on behalf of the King of Portugal in India.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Photographic copies can be seen at the Museum Negeri Aceh, while the original manuscript held in Lisbon, Portugal.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The script provides a lot of historical information about the happenings Pasai Ocean in the early 16th century, especially the last condition that caused the first Islamic kingdom in Southeast Asia, having managed to master the Portuguese of Malacca in 1511 AD.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Scripts Arabic letters also indicate the names of some state or government who have a close relationship with the Ocean Pasai so we can know the original spelling of the names of states or governments, among others Nergeri Fariyaman (Pariaman) and Mulaqat (Malacca)<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>(www.waspadaonline. com,</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>August 21, 2009).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">2.</span></b></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Genealogy of the Kings</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Here the names of the sultan / Sultanah known ever to lead the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai:</span></span></p><ol style="text-align: justify;"><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Malik al-Salih (1267-1297)</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Mahmud Malikul</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Mansur Malikul</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir (1346-1383)</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Zain Al-Abidin Sultan Malik Az-Zahir (1383-1405)</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultanah Nahrasiyah or Sultanah Nahrisyyah (1420-1428)</span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><span></span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Sallah Ad-Din (1402)</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Abu Zaid Malik Az-Zahir 1455)</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Mahmud Malik Az-Zahir (1455-1477)</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Zain Al-Abidin (1477-1500)</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Abdullah Malik Az-Zahir (1501-1513)</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Zain Al-Abidin (1513-1524)</span></span></li></ol><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><i><img src="http://www.melayuonline.com/image/history/2009/samudra-pasai-rev-10.jpg" class="imgFull" style="padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);" /><br /></i></span><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><i>Genealogy Sultan / Sultanah Sultanate<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>Masjid</span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Ocean Pasai According<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span>Pasai.</span></i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Malik Al Salih lead the Sultanate of Samudera, while his son, Sultan Muhammad Zahir is the ruler of the Sultanate of Malikul Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">When Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul died, the government of the Sultanate of Pasai held by Sultan Malik Al Salih for a while while waiting for the second son of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul, namely Malikul and Malikul Mansur Mahmud, was growing up.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">After the second son of Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul is considered able to be a leader, Sultan Malik Al Salih resigned from the sultan of the government he leads is.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Furthermore, Sultan Malik Al Salih handed control of the government to the tribes, each of the Sultanate of Pasai Malikul Mahmud and Sultan Mansur Ocean to Malikul.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The time period of the reign of the third sultan, that Sultan Muhammad Zahir Malikul, Malikul Sultan Mahmud and Sultan Mansur Malikul, deliberately not mentioned because there are some irregularities concerning this matter, including those listed in the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>saga of King Pasai.</i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kesimpang-siuran the period of the reign of each sultan / Sultanah the obstacle, and because of that century years are included in the list above is an interpretation of some information that was found.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Similarly, the mention of the name or title of each sultan / Sultanah that we found so many versions.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In addition, incomplete information about anyone sultan / Sultanah who ruled the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai a massage and runtut also cause other problems because of not necessarily what is written in the genealogy of the rulers who had recorded all the reign in the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">3.</span></b></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Regional Power</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the century to the 14th century, the name of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai already very famous and influential and has a vast territory.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The powerful fleet of war is to support the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai to expand its power, both in order to dominate and occupy the territory of another state or by the mission to spread Islam.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Pasai Ocean territory of the Sultanate of success lies in an area that is flanked by two large rivers in the North Coast of Aceh, namely the Peusangan and Pasai River.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultanate of Samudera Pasai territory also includes the Ocean Geudong (Aceh Utara), Meulaboh, Bireuen, and Jungle Jreum and Seumerlang (Perlak).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><i><img src="http://www.melayuonline.com/image/history/2009/samudra-pasai-rev-11.jpg" class="imgFull" style="padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);" /><br /></i></span><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><i>Power Ocean Territory Pasai</i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Meanwhile, some are embracing the opinion that the territory of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai cover a wider area to the south, ie to the mouth of the River Jambu Ayer (Ismail, 1997:7).</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Clearly, the vast territory of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai covered along the river upstream of the upstream-derived remote Gayo Highlands, now in the administrative area of Central Aceh District, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultanate of Samudera Pasai also successfully expanded its territory to the outside of the ground in Aceh.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Some rural areas of the state administrations under the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai include Minangkabau, Palembang, Jambi, Patani, Malacca, even to their various governments on the coast of Java (Sufi & Wibowo, 2005:61).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">4.</span></b></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Governance System</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The composition of the community who become citizens of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai show-layered character.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">According Ayatrohaedi, the layer consists of Sultan and the government of Persons in the top layer to slave on the bottom layer (Ayatrohaedi, 1992).</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the group of layers of bureaucracy looks the group of Persons, the prime minister, ministers, soldiers, officers, and other nobles of the kingdom.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The existence of those engaged in commerce, such as those who deal in, the sail, the town, masters, and others.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Although the total population of Arabs who live in Pasai not by the people of India, but among the Arabs is very influential in the way of government, even though the policies of Sultan Pasai.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">This situation is seen since the early formation of the Sultanate of Pasai and lasts a long time until this government changed the name of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the reign of Sultan Malik Al Salih as the first ruler of the Sultanate of Pasai, there are a number of Persons in the state, among other things, and Tun Tun Sri Kaya Kaya Baba.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The names that clearly indicate their position, called the Great Persons.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">This is in accordance with the articulation of government Persons in the Malay Peninsula and the Sultanate of Aceh Darussalam as the Rich Man (Ismail, 1997:39).</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Second Person of the way the government take control of the Sultanate of Pasai, each was given the title and Sayid Sayid Ali Ghitauddin Asmayuddin, as has been mentioned before in the Islamic Anger or embarrassment Sultan Malik Al Salih.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the story illustrated clearly that Great Persons are mentioned as prime minister, one for the Sultanate of Pasai and another for the Sultanate of Samudera.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Their position is very important in there place since the regime of Sultan Malik Al Salih until the era of the reign of his grandson and Malikul Malikul Mahmud Mansur.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;" align="center"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><i><img src="http://www.melayuonline.com/image/history/2009/samudra-pasai-rev-12.jpg" class="imgFull" style="padding: 5px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238);" /><br /></i></span><span><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><i>One manuscript indicates presence Pasai</i></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the second grandson of Sultan Malik Al Salih was in power in their government, there is a dispute between them, ie when Malikul Mansur indecent acts against one of his wives Malikul Mahmud.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Despicable acts knowing that his brother, Sultan Mahmud had Malikul speech that if he does not respect Asmayuddin Sayid, who is an advisor in the Sultanate of Sultan Mansur Malikul Ocean, Malikul Sultan Mahmud would have killed his own brother for acts of contempt are not forgiven.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">This fragment is sufficient to prove that how strong the effect of the Persons of the wheels of government take control, even to the level of personal and psychological affect Sultan.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">In the next era of leadership, which under the regime of Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir (1346-1383), the government of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai controlled by four prime ministers, each of which called Tulus Great Tailor Sukara, Baba Mentuha, Solomon Dendang Water and Tun Shah Alam City (Jones [ed.], 1999:36).</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Still the same as in previous times, the fourth prime minister of the exercise of its functions as an adviser to the Sultan and influenced government policy even though the final decision still remains in the hands of Sultan Pasai Ocean.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Social and political life of citizens of the Sultanate of Samudera Pasai is colored by cultural and religious elements of Islam.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">His administration is a theocracy (based on the teachings of Islam), and most people embrace Islam.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">(Iswara NR/Ker/01/10-2009)</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ms&tl=en&u=http://melayuonline.com/ind/history/dig/63/kesultanan-samudera-pasai&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiOaCDu4RSgyhX6apQasLrPBAX30g" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 102, 17);"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Reference:</span></b></a></span></p><ul style="padding: 0px 2.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 1.4; text-align: justify;"><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">-------.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">March 25, 2009.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">"Tomb Found Pasai Ocean Prime Minister", in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ms&tl=en&u=http://indowarta.com/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D959:makam-perdana-menteri-samudera-pasai-ditemukan-%26catid%3D77:sumatera%26Itemid%3D177&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiwluhoBqST-1JRU0sNBecPASMb3w" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 102, 17);">http://indowarta.com</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Data Downloaded on October 6, 2009.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">-------.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">March 17, 2009.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">"Stamp of the Age of 683 Years Owned Pasai Found", the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ms&tl=en&u=http://acehlong.com/2009/03/17/stempel-usia-683-tahun-milik-kerajaan-pasai-ditemukan/&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgk-R_m23gO2o9bEMKhG10k9GWoCw" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 102, 17);">http://acehlong.com</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Data Downloaded on October 6, 2009.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">-------.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">June 20, 2009.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">"Researchers Find Grave Pasai commander", in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ms&tl=en&u=http://www.waspada.co.id/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D28783:peneliti-temukan-makam-panglima-pasai-%26catid%3D13:aceh%26Itemid%3D26&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiZW-JMM3GrFIK-OxoRQPYpoIZZeQ" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 102, 17);">http://www.waspada.co.id</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Data Downloaded on October 6, 2009.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">-------.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">August 21, 2009.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">"Study the Draft Letter of Sultan LePSI Pasai Ocean", in<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ms&tl=en&u=http://www.waspada.co.id/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D46480:lepsi-kaji-naskah-surat-sultan-samudera-pasai%26catid%3D13:aceh%26Itemid%3D26&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgt7jYNIznAMPZoGYaqJX75NNfG_w" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 102, 17);">http://www.waspada.co.id</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Data Downloaded on October 6, 2009.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Alfian, T.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ibrahim.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">1973.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Pasai chronicle: A Review of History.</i>Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ayatrohaedi.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">1992.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">"Community Structure Pasai", in Papers Presented at the Discussion on the History Pasai, Cisarua, 25 to 28 September 1992.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Azwar, Pocut Haslinda Hamid.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">2009.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">"Sultanah Nahrasiyah", in<a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ms&tl=en&u=http://www.modusaceh-news.com/html/read/8/1450/VI/tarikh-nanggroe/sultanah-nahrasiyah.html/&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjn76u9OswPtBMqCH2hNOQuSmv8BA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 102, 17);"><i>http://www.modusaceh-news.com</i></a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>, 28 April 2009.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ismail, Muhammad Gade.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">1997.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Pasai in Travel History: 13th Century to the Early 16 st Century.</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Jakarta: Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Jones, Russell.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">1999.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Hikayat Raja Pasai.</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Kuala Lumpur: Yayasan Penerbit Fajar Bakti and employees.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Mansoer, MD "Some Tjatatan of Entry and Growth of Islam in the North Coast", the<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>seminar brochure history of the introduction of Islam into Indonesia.</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>1963.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Field: Committee Seminar historical introduction to Islam Indonesia.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Muljana, Slamet.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">2005.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>The collapse of the Government of Java and the emergence of Hindu-Muslim countries in the archipelago.</i>Yogyakarta: LKiS.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Ruslan, Heri.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">2009.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">"Ocean archipelago Pasai Islamic Caliphate", in<i>Republika,</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>18 March 2009</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Said, Mohammad, H.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">1963.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">"Look for certainty about the introduction of Local Start and How to Islam to Indonesia", the<i>seminar brochure history of Islam entry into Indonesia.</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Medan: Committee Seminar historical introduction to Islam Indonesia.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">_______.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">1981.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Acehnese Throughout the Ages (Volume One).</i>Medan: PT Field Printing and Publication alert.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Soeratno, Siti Chamamah.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">2002.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">"Islamization of the Malay Developer Awards: contextual analysis of data in the history of Islamization of the Malay Archipelago and the Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai", in Sunaryo Purwo Sumitro.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">2002.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Pasai From Ocean to New York: Presentation to Teuku Ibrahim Alfian.</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Jakarta: Yayasan Indonesia Society Historian.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sufi, Rusdi.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">"Foreign Palaces in Aceh", in Rusdi Sufi & Agus Budi Wibowo.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">2004.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Variety History of Aceh.</i></span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Banda Aceh: National Library of NAD.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sufi, Rusdi & Wibowo, Agus Budi.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">2006.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Islamic governments in Aceh.</i></span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Banda Aceh: National Library of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Zainuddin, HM 1961.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Date of Aceh and Indonesia.</i></span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Medan: Pustaka Iskandar Muda.</span></span></li></ul><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Photo Source:</span></b></span></p><ul style="padding: 0px 2.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px; line-height: 1.4; text-align: justify;"><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Jones, Russell.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">1999.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Hikayat Raja Pasai.</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Kuala Lumpur: Yayasan Penerbit Fajar Bakti and employees.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Said, Mohammad, H.</span></span><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><span></span></span><span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">1981.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Acehnese Throughout the Ages (Volume One).</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Medan: PT Field Printing and Publication alert.</span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ms&tl=en&u=http://www.acehrecoveryforum.org/id/_ph_atas.php%3Faction%3D%26no%3D151&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhiwAMKRpk-bLcFvCWrF5DDyRLbAxg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 102, 17);"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">www.acehrecoveryforum.org/</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><span></span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ms&tl=en&u=http://www.aneukagamaceh.blogspot.com/2009/01/kerajaan-samudera-pasai-aceh.html&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgrz1t2HlAqbw51wC6IXMZ09PrsAQ" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 102, 17);"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">www.aneukagamaceh.blogspot.com/</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><span></span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><a href="http://www.commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Majapahit_Empire_id.svg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 102, 17);"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">www.commons.wikimedia.org/</span></a></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ms&tl=en&u=http://www.cosmoscopia.com/pasaipost/%3Fpage_id%3D150&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhibX9gA-ctpL_NiYQ6IrO-QkSKvfA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 102, 17);"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">www.cosmoscopia.com/</span></a></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ms&tl=en&u=http://www.cosmoscopia.com/pasaipost/%3Fpage_id%3D87&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhgUDgP0OpHNDvZtk3nKaSXqVVzJvA" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 102, 17);"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">www.cosmoscopia.com/</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><span></span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ms&tl=en&u=http://www.martabat7.blogspot.com/2007_12_01_archive.html&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhi7le1pezeaF7yVrbeWFFB96WXbIg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 102, 17);"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">www.martabat7.blogspot.com/</span></a></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><a href="http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=en&sl=ms&tl=en&u=http://www.merahsilu.blogspot.com/&rurl=translate.google.com&usg=ALkJrhjjo4ohTjKWkwd5v4y_vc3_K8jufg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 102, 17);"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">www.merahsilu.blogspot.com/</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><span></span><span></span></span></li><li style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; text-indent: 0px;"><span><a href="http://www.wakalanusantara.com/detilurl/Enam.Abad.Dinar.Dirham.Made.in.Indonesia./104" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 102, 17);"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">www.wakalanusantara.com/</span></a></span></li></ul></span></span>Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-46243876366133925542010-01-02T19:11:00.001-08:002010-01-02T19:11:38.138-08:00Kesultanan Perlak<b style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">1. Sejarah<o:p></o:p></span></b> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Analisis dan pemikiran tentang bagaimana sejarah masuknya Islam di Indonesia dipahami melalui sejumlah teori. Aji Setiawan, misalnya melihat bahwa datangnya Islam ke nusantara bisa ditelisik melalui tiga teori, yaitu teori Gujarat, teori Arab, dan teori Persia. Teori Gujarat memandang bahwa asal muasal datangnya Islam di Indonesia adalah melalui jalur perdagangan Gujarat India pada abad 13-14. </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IT">Teori ini biasanya banyak digunakan oleh ahli-ahli dari Belanda. Salah seorang penganutnya, W.F. Stuterheim menyatakan bahwa Islam mulai masuk ke nusantara pada abad ke-13 yang didasarkan pada bukti batu nisan sultan pertama dari Kerajaan Samudera Pasai, yakni Malik Al-Saleh pada tahun 1297. Menurut teori ini, masuknya Islam ke nusantara melalui jalur perdagangan Indonesia-Cambay (India)-Timur Tengah–Eropa.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IT">Teori Persia lebih menitikberatkan pada realitas kesamaan kebudayaan antara masyarakat Indonesia pada saat itu dengan budaya Persia. Sebagai contoh misalnya kesamaan konsep <i style="">wahdatul wujud</i>-nya Hamzah Fanshuri dengan al-Hallaj. Sedangkan teori Arab berpandangan sebaliknya. T.W. Arnold, salah seorang penganutnya berargumen bahwa para pedagang Arab yang mendominasi perdagangan Barat-Timur sejak abad ke-7 atau 8 juga sekaligus melakukan penyebaran Islam di nusantara pada saat itu. Penganut teori ini lainnya, Naquib al-Attas melihat bahwa bukti kedatangan Islam ke nusantara ditandai dengan karaktek Islam yang khas, atau disebut dengan “teori umum tentang Islamisasi nusantara” yang didasarkan pada literatur nusantara dan pandangan dunia Melayu. Di samping tiga teori umum di atas, ada teori lain yang memandang bahwa datangnya Islam ke nusantara berasal dari Cina, atau yang disebut dengan teori Cina.</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Berdasarkan paparan teori-teori di atas, dapat diperkirakan bahwa Islam telah masuk ke Indonesia sejak abad 7 atau 8 M. Pada abad ke-13, Islam sudah berkembang pesat. Menurut catatan A. Hasymi, Kesultanan Perlak merupakan kerajaan Islam pertama di Indonesia yang berdiri pada tanggal 1 Muharam 225 H atau 804 M. Kesultanan ini terletak di wilayah Perlak, Aceh Timur, Nangroe Aceh Darussalam, Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Nama Kesultanan Perlak sebagai sejarah permulaan masuknya Islam di Indonesia kurang begitu dikenal dibandingkan dengan Kesultanan Samudera Pasai. Namun demikian, nama Kesultanan Perlak justru terkenal di Eropa karena <span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IT">kunjungan Marco Polo pada tahun 1293. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">a. Sejarah Masuknya Islam<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kesultanan Perlak berdiri pada tahun 840 dan berakhir pada tahun 1292. Proses berdirinya tidak terlepas dari pengaruh Islam di wilayah Sumatera. Sebelum Kesultanan Perlak berdiri, di wilayah Perlak sebenarnya sudah berdiri Negeri Perlak yang raja dan rakyatnya merupakan keturunan dari Maharaja Pho He La (Meurah Perlak Syahir Nuwi) serta keturunan dari pasukan-pasukan pengikutnya.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Pada tahun 840 ini, rombongan berjumlah 100 orang dari Timur Tengah menuju pantai Sumatera yang dipimpin oleh Nakhoda Khilafah. Rombongan ini bertujuan untuk berdagang sekaligus membawa sejumlah da‘i yang bertugas untuk membawa dan menyebarkan Islam ke Perlak. Dalam waktu kurang dari setengah abad, raja dan rakyat Perlak meninggalkan agama lama mereka (Hindu dan Buddha), yang kemudian secara sukarela berbondong-bondong memeluk Islam.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Perkembangan selanjutnya menunjukkan bahwa salah seorang anak buah dari Nakhoda Khalifah, Ali bin Muhammad bin Ja‘far Shadiq dikawinkan dengan Makhdum Tansyuri, yang merupakan adik dari Syahir Nuwi, Raja Negeri Perlak yang berketurunan Parsi. Dari buah perkawinan mereka lahirlah<span style=""> </span>Sultan Alaiddin Sayyid Maulana Abdul Aziz Shah, yang menjadi sultan pertama di Kesultanan Perlak sejak tahun 840. Ibu kotanya Perlak yang semula bernama Bandar Perlak kemudian diubah menjadi Bandar Khalifah sebagai bentuk perhargaan terhadap jasa Nakhoda Khalifah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">b. Masa Permusuhan Sunni-Syiah<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sejarah keislaman di Kesultanan Perlak tidak luput dari persaingan antara kelompok Sunni dan Syiah. Perebutan kekuasaan antara dua kelompok Muslim ini menyebabkan terjadinya perang saudara dan pertumpahan darah. Silih berganti kelompok yang menang mengambil alih kekuasaan dari tangan pesaingnya. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Aliran Syi‘ah datang ke Indonesia melalui para pedagang dari Gujarat, Arab, dan Persia. Mereka masuk pertama kali melalui Kesultanan Perlak dengan dukungan penuh dari dinasti Fatimiah di Mesir. Ketika dinasti ini runtuh pada tahun 1268, hubungan antara kelompok Syi‘ah di pantai Sumatera dengan kelompok Syi‘ah di Mesir mulai terputus. Kondisi ini menyebabkan konstelasi politik Mesir berubah haluan. Dinasti Mamaluk memerintahkan pasukan yang dipimpin oleh Syaikh Ismail untuk pergi ke pantai timur Sumatra dengan tujuan utamanya adalah melenyapkan pengikut Syi‘ah di Kesultanan Perlak dan Kerajaan Samudera Pasai. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sebagai informasi tambahan bahwa raja pertama Kerajaan Samudera Pasai, Marah Silu dengan gelar Malikul Saleh berpindah agama, yang awalnya beragama Hindu kemudian memeluk Islam aliran Syiah. Oleh karena dapat dibujuk oleh Syaikh Ismail, Marah Silu kemudian menganut paham Syafii. Dua pengikut Marah Silu, Seri Kaya dan Bawa Kaya juga menganut paham Syafii, sehingga nama mereka berubah menjadi Sidi Ali Chiatuddin dan Sidi Ali Hasanuddin. Ketika berkuasa Marah Silu dikenal sebagai raja yang sangat anti terhadap pemikiran dan pengikut Syi‘ah.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Aliran Sunni mulai masuk ke Kesultanan Perlak, yaitu pada masa pemerintahan sultan ke-3, Sultan Alaiddin Syed Maulana Abbas Shah. Setelah ia meninggal pada tahun 363 H (913 M), terjadi perang saudara antara kaum Syiah dan Sunni, yang menyebabkan kesultanan dalam kondisi tanpa pemimpin. Pada tahun 302 H (915 M), kelompok Syiah memenangkan perang. Sultan Alaiddin Syed Maulana Ali Mughat Shah dari aliran Syiah kemudian memegang kekuasaan kesultanan sebagai sultan ke-4 (915-918). Ketika pemerintahannya berakhir, terjadi pergolakan antara kaum Syiah dan Sunni, hanya saja untuk kali ini justru dimenangkan oleh kelompok Sunni. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kurun waktu antara tahun 918 hingga tahun 956 relatif tidak terjadi gejolak yang berarti. Hanya saja, pada tahun 362 H (956 M), setelah sultan ke-7, Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Abdul Malik Shah Johan Berdaulat meninggal, terjadi lagi pergolakan antara kelompok Syiah dan Sunni selama kurang lebih empat tahun. Bedanya, pergolakan kali ini diakhiri dengan adanya itikad perdamaian dari keduanya. Kesultanan kemudian dibagi menjadi dua bagian. Pertama, Perlak Pesisir (Syiah) dipimpin oleh Sultan Alaiddin Syed Maulana Shah (986 – 988). Kedua, Perlak Pedalaman (Sunni) dipimpin oleh Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Ibrahim Shah Johan Berdaulat (986 – 1023). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kedua kepemimpinan tersebut bersatu kembali ketika salah satu dari pemimpin kedua wilayah tersebut, yaitu Sultan Alaiddin Syed Maulana Shah meninggal. Ia meninggal ketika Perlak berhasil dikalahkan oleh Kerajaan Sriwijaya. Kondisi perang inilah yang membangkitkan semangat bersatunya kembali kepemimpinan dalam Kesultanan Perlak. Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Ibrahim Shah Johan Berdaulat, yang awalnya hanya menguasai Perlak Pedalaman kemudian ditetapkan sebagai Sultan ke-8 pada Kesultanan Perlak. Ia melanjutkan perjuangan melawan Sriwijaya hingga tahun 1006. Sultan ke-8 sebenarnya berpaham aliran Sunni, namun sayangnya belum ditemukan data yang menyebutkan apakah terjadi lagi pergolakan antar kedua aliran tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">2. Silsilah<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sebelum berdirinya Kesultanan Perlak, di wilayah Negeri Perlak sudah ada rajanya, yaitu Meurah Perlak Syahir Nuwi. Namun, data tentang raja-raja Negeri Perlak secara lengkap belum ditemukan. Sedangkan daftar nama sultan yang pernah berkuasa di Kesultanan Pelak adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ol style="text-align: justify;"><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Sultan Alaiddin Syed Maulana Abdul Azis Shah (840-864)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Sultan Alaiddin Syed Maulana Abdul Rahim Shah (864-888)</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Alaiddin Syed Maulana Abbas Shah (888-913)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Alaiddin Syed Maulana Ali Mughat Shah (915-918)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Abdul Kadir Shah Johan Berdaulat (928-932)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Muhammad Amin Shah Johan Berdaulat (932-956)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Abdul Malik Shah Johan Berdaulat (956-983)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Ibrahim Shah Johan Berdaulat (986-1023)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Mahmud Shah Johan Berdaulat (1023-1059)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Mansur Shah Johan Berdaulat (1059-1078)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Abdullah Shah Johan Berdaulat (1078-1109)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Ahmad Shah Johan Berdaulat (1109-1135)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Mahmud Shah Johan Berdaulat (1135-1160)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Usman Shah Johan Berdaulat (1160-1173)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Muhammad Shah Johan Berdaulat (1173-1200)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Abdul Jalil Shah Johan Berdaulat (1200-1230)<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Muhammad Amin Shah II Johan Berdaulat (1230-1267<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">18. Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Abdul Aziz Johan Berdaulat (1267-1292)<o:p></o:p></span></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><i style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Catatan</span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">: Sultan-sultan di atas dibagi menurut dua dinasti, yaitu </span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">dinasti Syed Maulana Abdul Azis Shah dan dinasti Johan Berdaulat, yang merupakan keturunan dari Meurah Perlak asli (Syahir Nuwi).</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">3. Periode Pemerintahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sultan Perlak ke-17, Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Muhammad Amin Shah II Johan Berdaulat, melakukan politik persahabatan dengan negeri-negeri tetangga. Ia menikahkan dua orang puterinya, yaitu: Putri Ratna Kamala dinikahkan dengan Raja Kerajaan Malaka, Sultan Muhammad Shah (Parameswara) dan Putri Ganggang dinikahkan dengan Raja Kerajaan Samudera Pasai, al-Malik al-Saleh.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kesultanan Perlak berakhir setelah Sultan yang ke-18, Sultan Makhdum Alaiddin Malik Abdul Aziz Johan Berdaulat meninggal pada tahun 1292. Kesultanan Perlak kemudian menyatu dengan Kerajaan Samudera Pasai di bawah kekuasaan sultan Samudera Pasai yang memerintah pada saat itu, Sultan Muhammad Malik Al Zahir yang juga merupakan putera dari al-Malik al-Saleh. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">4. Wilayah Kekuasaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sebelum bersatu dengan Kerajaan Samudera Pasai, wilayah kekuasaan Kesultanan Perlak hanya mencakup kawasan sekitar Perlak saja. Saat ini, kesultanan ini terletak di pesisir timur daerah aceh yang tepatnya berada di wilayah Perlak, Aceh Timur, Nangroe Aceh Darussalam, Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">5. Struktur Pemerintahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"><span style=""> </span>(<i style="">Sedang dalam proses pengumpulan data</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">6. Kehidupan Sosial-Budaya<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Perlak dikenal dengan kekayaan h</span><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">asil alamnya yang didukung dengan letaknya yang sangat strategis. Apalagi, Perlak sangat dikenal sebagai penghasil <span class="new">kayu perlak</span>, yaitu jenis kayu yang sangat bagus untuk membuat kapal. Kondisi semacam inilah yang membuat para pedagang dari Gujarat, Arab, dan Persia tertarik untuk datang ke daerah ini. Masuknya para pedagang tersebut juga sekaligus menyebarkan ajaran Islam di kawasan ini. Kedatangan mereka berpengaruh terhadap kehidupan sosio-budaya masyarakat Perlak pada saat itu. Sebab, ketika itu masyarakat Perlak mulai diperkenalkan tentang bagaimana caranya berdagang. Pada awal abad ke-8, Perlak dikenal sebagai pelabuhan niaga yang sangat maju. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Model pernikahan percampuran mulai terjadi di daerah ini sebagai konsekuensi dari membaurnya antara masyarakat pribumi dengan masyarakat pendatang. Kelompok pendatang bermaksud menyebarluaskan misi Islamisasi dengan cara menikahi wanita-wanita setempat. Sebenarnya tidak hanya itu saja, pernikahan campuran juga dimaksudkan untuk mengembangkan sayap perdagangan dari pihak pendatang di daerah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">(HS/sej/5/8-07).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Sumber :<o:p></o:p></span></p> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Setiawan, Aji. 2006. “Islam Masuk ke Indonesia”, www.islamlib.com.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">Smith Alhadar, “Sejarah dan Tradisi Syiah Ternate”, www.fatimah.org.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">www.osdir.com.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="EN-US">wikipedia.org.</span></li></ul>Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-55832286719902864332010-01-02T19:08:00.000-08:002010-01-02T19:09:50.153-08:00Kesultanan Lamuri<b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">1. Sejarah<o:p></o:p></span></b> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Data tentang sejarah berdirinya Kesultanan Lamuri masih simpang siur. Data yang pernah dikemukakan sejumlah orang tentang kesultanan ini masih bersifat spekulatif dan tentatif. Tulisan ini masih sangat sederhana dan bersifat sementara karena keterbatasan data yang diperoleh.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Secara umum, data tentang kesultanan ini didasarkan pada berita-berita dari luar, seperti yang dikemukakan oleh pedagang-pedagang dan pelaut-pelaut asing (Arab, India, dan Cina) sebelum tahun 1500 M. Di samping itu, ada beberapa sumber lokal, seperti <i>Hikayat Melayu</i> dan <i>Hikayat Atjeh</i>, yang dapat dijadikan rujukan tentang keberadaan kesultanan ini. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Data tentang lokasi kesultanan ini juga masih menjadi perdebatan. W. P. Groeneveldt, seorang ahli sejarah Belanda, menyebut bahwa kesultanan ini terletak di sudut sebelah barat laut Pulau Sumatera, kini tepatnya berada di Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Ahli sejarah lainnya, H. Ylue menyebut bahwa Lambri atau Lamuri merupakan suatu tempat yang pernah disinggahi pertama kali oleh para pedagang dan pelaut dari Arab dan India. Menurut pandangan seorang pengembara dan penulis asing, Tome Pires, letak Kesultanan Lamuri adalah di antara Kesultanan Aceh Darusalam dan wilayah Biheue. Artinya, wilayah Kesultanan Lamuri meluas dari pantai hingga ke daerah pedalaman.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Menurut T. Iskandar dalam disertasinya <i>De Hikayat Atjeh</i> (1958), diperkirakan bahwa kesultanan ini berada di tepi laut (pantai), tepatnya berada di dekat Krueng Raya, Kabupaten Aceh Besar, Provinsi Nangroe Aceh Darussalam. H. M. Zainuddin, salah seorang peminat sejarah Aceh, menyebutkan bahwa kesultanan ini terletak di Aceh Besar dekat dengan Indrapatra, yang kini berada di Kampung Lamnga. Peminat sejarah Aceh lainnya, M. Junus Jamil, menyebutkan bahwa kesultanan ini terletak di dekat Kampung Lam Krak di Kecamatan Suka Makmur, Kabupaten Aceh Besar, Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Berdasarkan sejumlah data di atas, sejarah berdirinya dan letak kesultanan ini masih menjadi perdebatan di kalangan pakar dan pemerhati sejarah Aceh. Namun demikian, dapat diprediksikan bahwa letak Kesultanan Lamuri berdekatan dengan laut atau pantai dan kemudian meluas ke daerah pedalaman. Persisnya, letak kesultanan ini berada di sebuah teluk di sekitar daerah Krueng Raya. Teluk itu bernama Bandar Lamuri. Kata “<span style="color: black;">Lamuri” sebenarnya merujuk pada “Lamreh” di Pelabuhan Malahayati (Krueng Raya). Istana Lamuri sendiri berada di tepi Kuala Naga (kemudian menjadi Krueng Aceh) di Kampung Pande sekarang ini dengan nama Kandang Aceh.</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Berdasarkan sumber-sumber berita dari pedagang Arab, Kesultanan Lamuri telah ada sejak pertengahan abad ke-IX M. Artinya, kesultanan ini telah berdiri sejak sekitar tahun 900-an Masehi. Pada awal abad ini, Kerajaan Sriwijaya telah menjadi sebuah kerajaan yang menguasai dan memiliki banyak daerah taklukan. Pada tahun 943 M, Kesultanan Lamuri tunduk di bawah kekuasaan Sriwijaya. Meski di bawah kekuasaan Sriwijaya, Kesultanan Lamuri tetap mendapatkan haknya sebagai kerajaan Islam yang berdaulat. Hanya saja, kesultanan ini memiliki kewajiban untuk mempersembahkan upeti, memberikan bantuan jika diperlukan, dan juga datang melapor ke Sriwijaya jika memang diperlukan.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Menurut Prasasti Tanjore di India, pada tahun 1030 M, Kesultanan Lamuri pernah diserang oleh Kerajaan Chola di bawah kepemimpinan Raja Rayendracoladewa I. Pada akhirnya, Kesultanan Lamuri dapat dikalahkan oleh Kerajaan Chola, meskipun telah memberikan perlawanan yang sangat hebat. Bukti perlawanan tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa Kesultanan Lamuri bukan kerajaan kecil karena terbukti sanggup memberikan perlawanan yang tangguh terhadap kerajaan besar, seperti Kerajaan Chola.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Berdasarkan sumber-sumber berita dari pedagang Arab, Kesultanan Lamuri merupakan tempat pertama kali yang disinggahi oleh oleh pedagang-pedagang dan pelaut-pelaut yang datang dari India dan Arab. Ajaran Islam telah dibawa sekaligus oleh para pendatang tersebut. Berdasarkan analisis W. P. Groeneveldt, pada tahun 1416 M semua rakyat di Kesultanan Lamuri telah memeluk Islam. Menurut sebuah historiografi <i>Hikayat Melayu</i>, Kesultanan Lamiri (maksudnya adalah Lamuri) merupakan daerah kedua di Pulau Sumatera yang diislamkan oleh Syaikh Ismail sebelum ia mengislamkan Kesultanan Samudera Pasai. Dengan demikian, dapat dikatakan bahwa Kesultanan Lamiri jelas merupakan salah satu kerajaan Islam di Aceh. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Menurut <i>Hikayat Atjeh</i>, salah seorang sultan yang cukup terkenal di Kesultanan Lamuri adalah Sultan Munawwar Syah. Konon, ia adalah moyang dari salah seorang sultan di Aceh yang sangat terkenal, yaitu Sultan Iskandar Muda. Pada akhir abad ke-15, pusat pemerintahan Kesultanan Lamuri dipindahkan ke Makota Alam (kini dinamakan Kuta Alam, Banda Aceh) yang terletak di sisi utara Krueng Aceh. Pemindahan tersebut dikarenakan adanya serangan dari Kerajaan Pidie dan adanya pendangkalan muara sungai. Sejak saat itu, nama Kesultanan Lamuri dikenal dengan nama Kesultanan Makota Alam. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya, tepatnya pada tahun 1513 M, Kesultanan Lamuri beserta dengan <span style="color: black;">Kerajaan Pase, Daya, Lingga, Pedir (Pidie), Perlak, Benua Tamian, dan Samudera Pasai </span>bersatu menjadi Kesultanan Aceh Darussalam di bawah kekuasaan Sultan<span style="color: black;"> Ali Mughayat Syah (1496-1528 M)</span>. Jadi, bisa dikatakan bahwa Kesultanan Lamuri merupakan bagian dari cikal bakal berdirinya Kesultanan Aceh Darussalam. Nama kesultanan ini berasal dari salah satu desa di Kabupaten Aceh Besar, yang pusat pemerintahannya berada di Kampung Lamreh.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">2. Silsilah <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">(<i>Masih dalam proses pengumpulan data</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">3. Periode Pemerintahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kesultanan Lamuri berumur sekitar lebih dari 6 abad karena terhitung sejak tahun 900-an hingga tahun 1513. Kesultanan ini berakhir setelah menyatu bersama dengan beberapa kerajaan lain di Aceh ke dalam Kesultanan Aceh Darussalam. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">4. Wilayah Kekuasaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Wilayah kekuasaan Kesultanan Lamuri mencakup daerah yang kini dikenal sebagai wilayah administratif Kabupaten Aceh Besar, Provinsi Nangroe Aceh Darussalam, Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">5. Struktur Pemerintahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Struktur pemerintahan Kesultanan Lamuri tidak jauh berbeda dengan struktur pemerintahan yang berlaku di Kesultanan Samudera Pasai karena kedua kesultanan ini memiliki pola pemerintahan yang berdasarkan pada konsep Islam dan konsep maritim (kelautan). Dalam struktur pemerintahan Kesultanan Lamuri, sultan merupakan penguasa yang tertinggi. Ia dibantu oleh sejumlah pejabat lainnya, yaitu seorang perdana menteri, seorang bendahara, seorang komandan militer Angkatan Laut (dengan gelar laksamana), seorang sekretaris, seorang kepala Mahkamah Agama (atau disebut sebagai <i>qadhi</i>), dan beberapa orang syahbandar yang bertanggung jawab pada urusan pelabuhan (biasanya juga berperan sebagai penghubung komunikasi antara sultan dan pedagang-pedagang dari luar). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">6. Kehidupan Sosial-Budaya<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kesultanan Lamuri merupakan kerajaan laut agraris. Artinya, dasar kehidupan masyarakat di kesultanan ini di samping mengandalkan hasil pertanian juga mengandalkan hasil perdagangan yang dilakukan masyarakat sekitar dengan pedagang-pedagang dari luar, seperti dari Arab, India, dan Cina. Hasil perdagangan yang dimaksud berupa lada dan jenis rempah-rempah lain, emas, beras, dan hewan ternak. Hasil-hasil perdagangan tersebut memang telah mengundang perhatian banyak perdagangan dari luar untuk datang ke Lamuri dan wilayah Aceh secara keseluruhan. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">(HS/sej/36/12-07)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sumber:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">“Kerajaan Lamuri”, dalam http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Lamuri, diakses tanggal 15 Desember 2007.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">“Pariwisata Nangroe Aceh Darussalam”, dalam http://www.tamanmini.com/anjungan/nad/pariwisata/kota_banda_aceh, diakses tanggal 15 Desember 2007.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sufi, Rusdi dan Agus Budi Wibowo. 2006. <i>Kerajaan-Kerajaan Islam di Aceh</i>. Banda Aceh: Badan Perpustakaan Provinsi Nangroe Aceh Darussalam.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana; color: black;" lang="IN">“Menapaki Sejarah Kota Banda Aceh”, dalam http://zainalbakri.multiply.com/journal?&page_start=60, diakses tanggal 15 Desember 2007.</span></li></ul>Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1068755201381612161.post-48195941310308457182010-01-02T09:24:00.000-08:002010-01-02T09:30:43.711-08:00Pedagang Bugis dan Kuasa Eropah di Selat Melaka, 1500-1800 Pedagang Bugis dan Kuasa Eropah di Selat Melaka,<h3><b><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Oleh Nordin Hussin</span></i></b></h3> <h3><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sejarah dan Perubahan: Kuasa Eropah dan Dunia Melayu</span></b></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Perubahan adalah fenomena yang berlaku selalu dalam sejarah di semua tempat. <a href="http://melayuonline.com/ind/article/read/opinion/?a=a21zL3FMZVZBUkU4Ng%3D%3D=&l=max-lane-pramoedya-pelopor-kebangkitan-asia-tenggara">Asia Tenggara</a> pada awal sejarah modernnya telah mengalami perubahan yang amat lain sifatnya. Perkembangan itu telah meninggalkan banyak akibat yang turut mencorakkan perubahan sejarah lokal dan nasional di Asia Tenggara khususnya dan Asia lainnya. Yang dimaksudkan itu adalah kedatangan orang Eropah yang membawa agenda untuk menguasai perdagangan dan pusat perdagangan di Dunia Melayu (Gunn, 2003:169-275). Sejak itu, suasana dan aktiviti perdagangan di Dunia Melayu mulai berubah. Walaupun Dunia Melayu senantiasa didatangi pedagang Arab, Cina, Parsi dan India, namun aktiviti perdagangan berjalan lancar (Risso, 1995), sekalipun kedatangan pedagang asing itu memang berasaskan kepentingan pedagangan dan keuntungan. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Pertembungan Dunia Melayu dengan orang asing telah mencetuskan perubahan sosial besar di Nusantara (Reid, 2000). Perubahan sosio-budaya yang berlaku di banyak pelabuhan di Nusantara telah berjalan dengan baik dan aman sehingga kedatangan orang Eropah, khasnya Portugis, Sepanyol, Belanda dan Inggeris kerana telah mendatangkan kejutan yang negaitf sifatnya (Van Veen, 2005). Mereka datang dengan niat dan agenda yang tidak pernah diduga pedagang dari Asia dan <a href="http://melayuonline.com/ind/article/read/history/?a=by9nSFUveVRteDdaM2dl=">kerajaan Melayu</a> di Nusantara. Niat dan motif pedagang Eropah itu menyebabkan rasa benci, marah dan dendam yang tidak berkesudahan di kalangan penduduk peribumi Nusantara. Mereka telah juga menyebabkan berlakunya perpecahan masyarakat dan kejatuhan kerajaan Melayu. Selain itu, adat, tradisi, dan budaya Melayu juga terancam dan terhakis sedikit demi sedikit. Walaupun orang Eropah telah menguasai kebanyakan pusat perdagangan, tetapi usaha mereka itu tidaklah semudah seperti yang mereka andaikan. Ini disebabkan pedagang Bugis dan Melayu tidak mudah mengalah setelah mereka menguasai perdagangan dan jaringannya di Selat Melaka, Laut Jawa dan Laut Sulu. Kehidupan mereka yang berteraskan tanah dan air telah membuat sebahagian besar pedagang Melayu gigih mempertahankan tanah air. Kegigihan mereka bukan setakat merebut kembali kawasan yang ditawan orang barat, tetapi juga membina pusat perdagangan baru di tempat lain di Nusantara. Usaha mereka ternyata turut mendapat respon dari pedagang Asia yang juga telah memahami pemikiran pedagang dari barat.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Berlatarbelakangkan kisah tersebut, sejarah awal modern di Asia Tenggara telah menyaksikan banyak perubahan. Kemasukan kuasa Eropah serta campur tangan mereka dalam hal ehwal politik serta kerajaan Melayu telah mengubah segalanya. Dunia Melayu yang terletak di persimpangan jalan antara benua kecil India dan tanah besar China dan seringkali menerima segala macam perubahan itu terpaksa berdepan dengan cabaran serta tekanan yang sebelum ini belum pernah dirasai. Jika kedatangan pedagang Arab, India, dan Cina hanya membawa perubahan dari segi budaya serta bentuk kepercayaan serta amalan dan anutan, tetapi kedatangan kuasa Portugis, Belanda dan Inggeris telah mengakibatkan perpecahan serta kemusnahan kerajaan Melayu. Pusat perdagangan utama telah bertukar tangan setelah dikuasai orang Eropah, sementara pusat perdagangan Melayu telah diancam, maka menerima tempiasnya serta ada yang semakin bertambah berjaya serta berkembang pesat. Sementara itu, pedagang tempatan ada yang bertebaran mencari arah serta tujuan yang baru setelah pusat perdagangannya dimusnahkan kuasa barat. Namun, ada juga yang berusaha untuk menyatukan semula di tempat baru yang mereka telah bina. Demikianlah halnya dengan apa yang berlaku kepada pedagang Bugis dari <a href="http://wisatamelayu.com/id/dest.php?a=TlJzL3FMZVZBUkU4Ng%3D%3D=">Makassar</a>.</span></p> <h3><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kuasa Eropah dan Pedagang Bugis</span></b></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Antara pedagang Melayu yang gigih dan tabah mempertahankan kedudukan ketuanan Melayu di Nusantara adalah pedagang Bugis. Sehubungan itu, rencana ini cuba mengupas peranan pedagang Bugis serta sifat mereka yang disanjung pedagang Eropah dan membuat mereka sentiasa dihormati sebagai pedagang Melayu Nusantara yang bukan sahaja bijak berniaga, tetapi juga jujur dalam perniagaan. Setelah pusat perdagangan Bugis di Makassar ditawan Belanda, kebanyakan mereka telah berpindah ke sebelah barat Dunia Melayu dan membina pusat perdagangan yang baru untuk menyambung semula kekuatan mereka berdagang. Antara pelabuhan itu adalah di utara pantai Jawa, pulau Borneo, kerajaan Thai di Ayuthaya dan tempat lain di Selat Melaka. Di Selat Melaka mereka telah berjaya membina semula jaringan perdagangan serta kekuatan baru yang akhirnya membawa kepada perubahan besar kepada sejarah kerajaan Melayu Johor di Riau. Catatan, rekod dan dokumen Malayu, Bugis dan Belanda pada tahun 1722 menunjukkan bagaimana anak bangsawan Bugis lima bersaudara itu telah mengubah struktur pemerintahan kerajaan Melayu Johor, selain dapat mentadbir pelabuhan Riau sehingga menjadi pelabuhan utama di Asia Tenggara (Raja Ali Haji, 1982; Andaya, 1975).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kekuatan yang ada pada pedagang Bugis adalah pemikiran yang tertanam di jiwa mereka seperti yang tercatat dalam hikayat lama dan kisah pelayaran mereka. Ketokohan dan kepahlawanan mereka telah ditunjukkan pada tokoh tempatan Bugis, Sawerigading, yang ternukil dalam sastera sejarah <i>La Galigo</i> (Kern 1993). Karya sastera sejarah itu menunjukkan kekuatan, selain memberi panduan kepada orang Bugis untuk membina kehidupan di perantauan. Cerita Bugis kuno itu juga mempunyai tradisi lisan. Cerita kepahlawanan serta pelayaran Sawerigading ini telah memberi kekuatan kepada pedagang Bugis untuk muncul sebagai bangsa yang berhemah tinggi, justru tekun dan tahan menghadapi dugaan dalam hidup. Pengembaraan dan kekuatan Sawerigading di merata tempat telah menjadi lambang jati diri pedagang Bugis. Ketokohan watak itu telah sebati dalam pemikiran orang Bugis yang mementingkan jati diri dan kekuatan moral. Sifat serta ketokohan Sawerigading itu telah menjadi asas kepada daya usaha serta keperibadian yang tinggi seperti yang ditunjukkan pedagang Bugis yang telah melayari perairan Nusantara untuk berdagang.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Selain itu, satu lagi konsep yang telah memberi kekuatan kepada pelayar serta pedagang Bugis ialah siri dan pesse (Andaya, 1981; Moh Yahaya Mustafa, 2003). Siri adalah konsep dalam budaya orang Bugis. Ia berkaitan idea dan falsafah tentang kekuatan jati diri dan unsur malu. Konsep malu itu juga berkaitan maruah dan harga diri. Orang Bugis yang tidak mempunyai siri boleh membuatnya membunuh diri demi menyucikan diri dan menebus martabat dirinya. Perbidalan Bugis sering memberi ingatan tentang kekuatan harga diri yang boleh dikukuhkan dengan kata-kata seperti “lebih baik mati demi mempertahankan siri dibandingkan dengan sebuah kehidupan yang tidak memiliki siri”. Berbekalkan konsep inilah pedagang Bugis telah menjadi pedagang yang disegani serta dipandang tinggi di Dunia Melayu. Konsep harga diri ini telah menjadikan siri sebagai pedoman dalam hidup mereka sekaligus membentuk mereka menjadi pedagang yang dikagumi kerana mempunyai kekuatan serta harga diri yang tinggi dan jujur dalam segala tindak tanduk.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Pesse pula adalah kepercayaan yang berteraskan kesatuan rohani pada individu (Moh. Yahaya Mustafa, 2003). Asal usul dan kekuatan yang ada dalam konsep ini berteraskan persaudaran yang ada. Kekuatan ikatan persaudaraan itu dianggap sangat penting demi membela dan memperkukuhkan komuniti mereka. Bila teman menghadapi kesulitan dan sakit, kesusahan itu ditanggung bersama. Unsur ini telah memberi kekuatan padu kepada orang Bugis untuk mengingati mereka tentang asal usul mereka, selain memberi ikatan kesatuan kepada mereka. Sehubungan itu, unsur pesse juga telah memberi kekuatan kepada pedagang Bugis untuk bersatu padu dan memberi kekuatan untuk mereka membina kehidupan. Konsep pesse ini sebenarnya adalah tradisi tentang pentingnya semangat gotong royong dalam budaya Melayu (Moh. Yahya Mustafa, 2003). Kekuatan inilah yang meniupkan semangat kental kepada pedagang Bugis untuk menguasai dan membina jalinan perdagangan dari timur ke barat di Kepulauan Melayu.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Penguasaan pedagang Bugis ke atas jaringan perdagangan di gugusan Kepulauan Melayu-Indonesia telah tercatat dalam dokumen Portugis, Belanda serta Inggeris (Nordin Hussin, 2006; Lewis, 1977). Ia terbukti dari lapuran yang menyatakan bahawa merekalah pedagang yang melayari Laut Jawa, kepulauan Borneo, kepulauan Rempah serta Selat Melaka. Selain perdagangan, mereka juga membuat banyak penempatan di banyak tempat serta pelabuhan, antaranya di Java, Riau, Borneo, Melaka, Siak, Trantan, Pulau Pinang, negeri-negeri Melayu serta Siam (Nordin Hussin, 2006; Knaap, 1996). Sementara itu, kekuatan lain orang Bugis adalah tenaga fizikal dan kepandaian mereka mengurus serta berniaga dan telah membuat mereka peniaga yang dihormati di kalangan pedagang Eropah (Cortesao, 1944).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sejak dahulu lagi, di sepanjang Selat Melaka telah didirikan kerajaan yang telah menguasai perdagangan samudera (Wolters 1970; Kathirithamby-Wells & Villiers 1990). Selain Srivijaya yang berpusat di Palembang yang telah menguasai perdagangan di selat itu, telah muncul banyak kerajaan lain yang lebih awal. Antaranya adalah Kedah Tua, Kerajaan Beruas dan disusuli Melaka, Pasai, Perlak dan Aceh. Kesemua kerajaan itu bergantung pada perdagangan yang melibatkan pelabuhan yang dikunjungi pedagang dari dekat dan jauh. Namun, kajian yang jelas tentang pedagang Bugis serta orang Bugis yang datang serta menetap ke wilayah ini hanya jelas terlihat selepas tahun 1720-an (Raja Ali Haji, 1982; Vos, 1993).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sebelum tahun 1720-an, kedatangan pedagang Bugis ke Melaka, Aceh dan pelabuhan lain di Selat Melaka tidak banyak mendapat perhatian pengkaji sejarah. Kekurangan kajian tentang kehadiran mereka ini tidaklah bererti mereka tidak mengetahui adanya pusat-pusat perdagangan yang penting di wilayah ini. Semangat serta keperwiraan orang Bugis sangat terserlah. Mereka telah melayari Selat Melaka untuk berdagang di pelabuhan di sebelah barat kepulauan Melayu. Catatan tentang mereka yang menjalankan pedagangan di Melaka telah dicatat pertama kali oleh Pires yang tiba di Melaka pada abad ke enam belas. Dalam catatannya, Pires mengkagumi kepandaian serta kejujuran pedagang Bugis yang membawa pelbagai barangan seperti beras dan emas dari sebelah timur Kepulauan Melayu. Dari Melaka mereka membawa pulang kain dari Gujerat, Bengal dan Koromandel dan barang lain, termasuk benzin dan kemenyan. Kehebatan mereka telah dinyatakan Pires sebagai mereka belayar dengan menggunakan kapal ringan tetapi diperbuat dengan rapi. Lihat catatan Pires di bawah ini:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt 40px; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The island of Macassar are four or five day`s journey beyond the islands we have described, on the way to Moluccas. The islands are numerous. It is a large country. One side goes up to Buton and Madura and the other extends far up north. They are all heathens. They say that these islands have more than fifty kings. These islands trade with Malacca and with Java and with Borneo and with Siam and with all the places between Pahang and Siam. They are men more like the Siamese than other races. Their language is on its own, different from the others. They are all heathens, roboust, great warriors. They have many foodstuffs </span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">(Cortesao, 1944).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Pires juga mencatatkan orang Bugis mempunyai susuk tubuh yang tegap dan bersifat pahlawan kerana gagah, kuat, tampan dan menuturkan bahasa Bugis. Penulis dan pencatat Eropah masa itu kurang mengetahui wilayah asal usul orang Bugis. Oleh itu, mereka sering dikaitkan dengan wilayah yang dikuasai kegiatan lanun. Namun, kepintaran dan kehebatan pedagang Bugis sering dilihat pedagang Eropah di pelabuhan seperti Pegu di Burma, Junk Ceylon di Siam, pelabuhan di pantai utara Pulau Jawa, pelabuhan di sepanjang pantai di Sumatra dan Semenanjung Tanah Melayu. Oleh kerana kegiatan pedagang Bugis amat tertonjol berbanding dengan pedagang lain, maka gerak-gerik mereka telah diawasi lalu dicatatkan. Kegiatan dan tabiat pedagang Bugis seperti yang dicatatkan Pires semasa beliau berada di Melaka adalah:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt 40px; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">These men in these islands are greater thieves than any in the world, and they are powerful and have many paraos. They sail about plundering, from their country up to Pegu, to the Moluccas and Banda, and among all the islands around Java; and they take women to sea </span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">(Cortesao, 1944).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Catatan Pires di atas menunjukkan orang Bugis pandai membina kapal dagang yang dapat melayari kepulauan Rempah ke Burma. Tetapi kenyataan Pires juga janggal bila beliau menyatakan pedagang Bugis berlagak sebagai “pencuri”. Ini mungkin disebabkan kepintaran mereka berniaga sehingga berjaya dalam semua urusan jual beli, lebih-lebih lagi kepintaran itu tidak dapat ditandingi pedagang Eropah. Selain itu, kekuatan pedagang Bugis juga terletak pada kekuatan armada perkapalan mereka yang dapat melayari segenap pelabuhan di Dunia Melayu. Catatan lain dalam lapuran Eropah tentang pedagang Bugis ialah mereka sering membawa isteri dalam pelayaran, sedangkan ini jarang dilakukan. Hal ini besar kemungkinannya disebabkan mereka sering belayar dan berdagang ke merata tempat selama berbulan-bulan.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Keadaan ini berlainan sekali dengan pedagang Eropah yang tidak membawa wanita dalam pelayaran. Pires mendapati ini amat janggal lagipun tidak dilakukan pedagang Eropah dan telah mencatatkan kelainan yang menjadi pemerhatiannya. Begitu juga dengan kenyatan Pires di bawah ini yang amat janggal dengan kenyatannya:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt 40px; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">They have fairs where they dispose of the merchandise they steal and sell the slaves they capture. They run all round the island of Sumatra. They are mainly corsairs. The Javanese call them Bugis and the Malays call them this and Celates. They take their spoils to Jumaia(?) which is near Pahang, where they sell and have a fair continually </span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">(Cortesao, 1944).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Laporan Pires yang menyatakan mereka sebagai lanun yang mencuri dan menangkap orang untuk dijual serta dijadikan hamba itu amat janggal. Lebih hairan lagi ialah Pires menyatakan mereka telah membawa barangan rampasan untuk dijual di Jumaia, dekat Pahang. Lapuran Pires juga amat kabur bila menyebut orang Bugis mewujudkan pusat penjualan seperti pasar untuk menjual hasil rampasan mereka. Di mana letaknya pasar itu tidak dinyatakan. Jumaia yang disebut dalam lapuran Pires itu bukan sahaja kabur, tetapi juga tidak ada catatan di mana-mana. Ada kemungkinan orang yang diperhatian Pires itu bukan orang Bugis dan dia tersilap. Pemerhatiannya itu bertentangan sekali dengan kenyatannya tentang orang Bugis serta laporan pengembara lain tentang orang Bugis. Sehubungan itu, adakah terdapat dua kategori pedagang Bugis dalam pemerhatian Pires: orang Bugis yang melanun dan merompak dan orang Bugis yang beradab serta mempunyai jati diri yang unggul. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Laporan orang Eropah lain tidak banyak menyebut orang Bugis yang hidup melanun dan merompak. Kebanyakan mereka yang melakukan itu terdiri dari orang Bugis yang mendiami tempat di Selat Melaka dan bukan yang tinggal serta menetap di Celebes. Perkara ini masih diperdebatkan, maka menunut penyelidikan lebih lanjut. Namun, yang pasti dari laporan Pires adalah orang Bugis yang tidak merompak serta melanun. Kebanyakan mereka menggunakan kapal penjajap untuk membawa hasil dagangan. Pires juga menyatakan lanun dan perompak laut tidak berani mencabar kapal mereka kerana kekuatan yang dimiliki pedagang Bugis. Oleh itu, amat janggal bila Pires menyebut terdapat lanun di kalangan mereka ini:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt 40px; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Those who do not carry on this kind of robbery come in their large well-built pangajavas with merchandise. They bring many foodstuffs: very white rice; they bring some gold. They take bretangis and cloths from Cambay and a little from Bengal and from the Klings; they take black benzoin in large quantities, and incense. These islands have many inhabitants and a great deal of meat, and it is a rich country. They all wear krises. They are well-built men. They go about the world and everyone fears them, because no doubt all the robbers obey these with good reason. They carry a great deal of poison [ed weapons] and shoot with them. They have no power against thye junks which can all defend themselves, but every other ship in the country they have in their hands </span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">(Cortesao, 1944).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Dari petikan di atas, ternyata sifat utama yang ditonjolkan Pires tentang pedagang Bugis adalah kepahlawanan, keberanian, kegagahan dan kepintaran mereka berniaga dan juga berniaga dengan jujur. Inilah nilai yang tinggi kepada dunia perdagangan ketika itu. Kejujuran adalah sifat yang amat disenangi semua peniaga dan pedagang. Selain itu, kepahlawanan serta kegagahan adalah sifat amat diperlukan kerana laut penuh dengan lanun dengan rampasan kapal dan barang dagangan sering berlaku. Kesemua sifat itu dipuji tinggi, malah menjadi aset kepada pedagang Bugis. Selain itu, kepandaian orang Bugis belayar dan membina kapal yang kukuh yang dapat belayar hingga ke Pegu dan Siam amat mengkagumkan. Hanya kapal yang kuat dan kukuh mengharungi lautan yang bergelora dan menempuhi perjalanan yang jauh. Pendek kata, pembuatan kapal di Makasar telah membuat orang Bugis pedagang yang dapat menguasai pelayaran di Nusantara, timur dan barat. Barangan yang dibawa pedagang Bugis ditunggu pedagang lain di sebelah barat Nusantara. Hasil mahsul hutan dan laut dan juga bahan galian serta makanan yang dibawa ke Melaka dan pelabuhan lain di Selat Melaka sering ditunggu pedagang dari Eropah, India dan China. Hasil galian, termasuk emas yang dibawa dari Borneo, rempah ratus dari Kepulauan Rempah, hasil laut seperti gamat/tripang dan bahan ubatan amat diperlukan pedagang dari China.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Peranan yang dimainkan pedagang Bugis amat luas: mereka mengumpul barangan dari bahagian timur Nusantara untuk dibawa ke Selat Melaka serta mengedar barangan dari Selat Melaka ke wilayah lain di seluruh Nusantara. Peranan itu bukan sahaja penting, tetapi juga menjadi tunggak kepada aliran pemasaran barangan serta pengumpulan barangan. Sehubungan itu, pedagang Bugis dengan sifat serta keperbadian mereka yang baik seperti yang diperhatikan Pires itu telah menarik hati banyak pedagang yang berurusan dengan mereka. Penawanan Portugis ke atas Melaka pada tahun 1511 tidak bererti pedagang Bugis telah habis. Mereka telah memindahkan pusat persinggahan ke tempat lain di Selat Melaka. Aceh yang berkembang menjadi kerajaan yang penting dan pusat pedagangan utama di utara Sumatra itu telah menjadi pusat rangkaian perdagangan Bugis, selain pelabuhan kecil seperti Pasai, Pedir dan Indragiri.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kejatuhan Melaka telah membawa kepada penubuhan pusat pemerintahan serta pelabuhan baru yang dibina jurai kesultanan Melaka. Akhirnya telah dibuka pelabuhan Riau dan pusat pemerintahan yang baru bagi kerajaan Johor-Riau. Tahun 1699 juga membawa erti besar kepada kerajaan Johor-Riau dengan berlakunya peralihan takhta dan jurai keturunan kerajaan Johor-Riau. Perlantikan Bendahara menggantikan Sultan yang dibunuh telah membawa pelbagai masalah takhta. Keadaan ini telah mengakibatkan kekacauan yang membawa perubahan besar kepada kerajaan Johor-Riau. Ini termasuk penawanan Makassar dan pengusiran kerajaan Bugis oleh Belanda yang memaksa mereka mencari tempat lain untuk membentuk kerajaan baru. Di tengah-tengah kekacauan itu, keturunan diraja Bugis telah masuk secara formal ke dalam keluarga di raja Melayu. Tahun 1720an menjadi titik peralihan yang penting kerana berlakunya percampuran antara keluarga di raja Melayu dan Bugis dalam kerajaan Johor-Riau (Raja Ali Haji, 1982; Vos, 1993).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kehadiran orang Bugis telah mengubah corak dan keadaan di Riau. Kepintaran mereka mentadbir dan berdagang telah membawa kemunculan Riau sebagai pusat pelabuhan utama dan penting menggantikan Melaka. Kecakapan pentadbir Bugis telah meletakkan Riau menjadi pusat persinggahan kapal dari barat, timur dan kepulauan Melayu. Keunggulan perdagangan Melayu di kerajaan Johor yang dahulunya dimajukan Laksamana Paduka Raja telah diambil YamTuan Muda Daeng Kemboja. Riau telah menjadi pelabuhan penting di Selat Melaka dan Dunia Melayu. Kapal dari timur, barat dan Nusantara telah singgah di pelabuhan tersebut. Ia juga telah menjadi pelabuhan singgahan utama bagi kapal Inggeris yang berulang alik antara India dan China. Kebanyakan barang yang diperlukan pedagang Eropah, India, Cina dan Melayu mudah diperolehi di pelabuhan Riau. Petikan di bawah ini menggambarkan Riau di bawah pentadbiran Bugis setelah ia menjadi pusat perdagangan yang unggul di Asia Tenggara:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt 40px; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">To continue the story of the Yang Dipertuan Muda Daeng Kamboja in Riau. He devoted himself solely to extending Riau`s trade. Several trading perahu came from distant places, and scores of keci came from Bengal, bringing goods from there; scores of wangkang arrived from China with green or red bows; scores of tob came from Siam bringing Siamese goods; and as well as these, perahu from Java. There were scores of selub, senat, tiang sambung, and pencalang from the Bugis lands, pedewakan as well as perahu from the outlying territories, crammed like sardines in the Riau River from the estuary to Kampung China. Goods from China competed with those from Java, and Javanese goods competed with those from Riau, such as gambier, and there were numerous Chinese merchants as well as locally born Bugis merchants. During this period there were many wealthy people in the country </span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">(Raja Ali Haji, 1982).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kehadiran orang Bugis dalam urusan kerajaan Johor-Riau telah merancakkan perkembangan ekonomi, selain mengukuhkan pengaruh Bugis dalam kerajaan Melayu. Perkembangan itu boleh dilihat pada pembentukan kesultanan Bugis di Selangor selain aktiviti mereka di Perak, Kedah dan sepanjang pantai timur Sumatera, terutamanya di Indragiri, Siak dan Minangkabau. Kegiatan mereka berteraskan perdagangan dan pentadbiran kerajaan. Pedagang Bugis juga penting kepada Melaka semasa dikuasai Belanda. Dari tahun 1780 hingga 1783, sebanyak 178 buah kapal Bugis telah singgah di Melaka (Nordin Hussin, 2001). Kemajuan Riau semasa diperintah keluarga Daeng lima bersaudara juga menjelaskan sifat serta jati diri orang Bugis. Sifat kepahlawanan, kejujuran dan displin orang Bugis telah diterap sebagai nilai pentadbiran kerajaan Johor-Riau. Kemajuan pelabuhan Riau di era pentadbiran Yang Dipertuan Muda Daeng Kemboja itu disambung Yang Dipertuan Muda Raja Haji sehingga ditawan Belanda pada tahun 1784 (Vos, 1993). Riau bukan sahaja maju dari segi perdagangan, tetapi juga telah berkembang menjadi pusat pemikiran Melayu.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Peranan pedagang Bugis di Melaka zaman Belanda dan Inggeris kelihatan dalam banyak laporan (Nordin Hussin, 2001). Melaka bukan sahaja pusat pengeluaran barangan untuk diperdagangkan, tetapi juga pusat pengedaran barangan yang dibawa dari tempat lain di Nusantara. Pedagang Bugis telah membawa barangan dari tempat lain ke Melaka. Setelah pelabuhan di Riau ditawan Belanda, pedagang Bugis telah membina jaringan perdagangan mereka di banyak pelabuhan di Selat Melaka dan Nusantara. Antaranya adalah di Siak, Selangor, Pahang, Asahan, Indragiri, Aceh, dan Pulau Pinang (Nordin Hussin, 2006).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Sebelum Riau jatuh ke tangan Belanda pada tahun 1874, banyak pedagang Bugis yang aktif berdagang di Melaka itu datang dari Riau dan Selangor (Nordin Hussin, 2006). Mereka sering membawa kapal jenis padowakang dan pantjallang (Nordin Hussin, 2006). Dari laporan tentang kapal yang keluar masuk di pelabuhan Melaka, kapal dagang yang paling kerap bersinggah di Melaka adalah kepunyaan pedagang Melayu dan Eropah dengan diikuti pedagang Bugis, Cina, Melayu-Melaka dan Cina-Melaka (Nordin Hussin, 2006). Pedagang Eropah yang ramai sekali adalah orang Inggeris dari Syarikat India Timur Inggeris dan syarikat swasta Inggeris. Sementara itu, pedagang Melayu yang datang ke Melaka telahmencatatkan peratus yang tertinggi: 42% daripada jumlah keseluruhan pedagang yang mendatangi Melaka pada tahun 1780/82, walaupun angka itu jatuh kepada 37% pada tahun 1791/93. Selain itu, pedagang Bugis yang telah mencatatkedatangan sebanyak 15% dalam tahun 1780/82 itu merosot kepada 10% dalam tahun 1791/93. Pedagang Bugis itu dari Riau. Selepas perang antara Belanda dan Bugis di Riau pada tahun 1784, pedagang Bugis telah berpindah ke pelabuhan di Selangor, Trengganu, Trantan, dan Tembelan. Selepas tahun 1790-an, banyak daripada mereka datang dari Selangor, Trengganu, dan Trantan. Laluan perdagangan yang sering mereka gunakan adalah Riau, Melaka dan Selangor. Mereka membawa kain Bugis, sarang burung, emas, hamba dan hasil laut yang kebanyakannya dari Borneo. Kadang kala mereka datang tanpa membawa barang, tetapi telah membawa pulang kain dari India yang dibeli di Melaka untuk dipasarkan di merata pelabuhan di Dunia Melayu. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Setelah Pulau Pinang dibuka Inggeris pada tahun 1786, kemajuannya di peringkat awal bergantung sepenuhnya pada pedagang Melayu dan Bugis (Nordin Hussin, 2001 & 2005). Oleh sebab Pulau Pinang tidak mempunyai bahan mentah untuk dijual, orang Inggeris terpaksa bergantung sepenuhnya pada pedagang Melayu dan Bugis untuk membawa hasil pertanian seperti rempah, lada hitam, hasil hutan, hasil laut dan galian, termasuk bijih timah dan emas. Sehubungan itu, pedagang Melayu dan Bugis telah menarik pedagang dari India dan China untuk ditukarkan barang mereka. Peningkatan perdagangan itu telah membawa kepada peningkatan kapal dagang dari India dan China ke Pulau Pinang.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Oleh sebab penguasaan Inggeris di Melaka serentak dengan peperangan Napoleon di Eropah, pihak Inggeris telah memaksa pedagang Bugis yang singgah di Melaka pergi ke Pulau Pinang (Nordin Hussin, 2001). Taktik itu telah berjaya menarik ramai pedagang Bugis yang mempunyai rangkaian perdagangan ke Pulau Pinang. Hasilnya, jumlah kapal yang singgah di Pulau Pinang telah bertambah. Peningkatan perdagangan itu telah menolong Pulau Pinang menjadi maju dan makmur. Perkembangan itu telah membuat orang Bugis membuka perkampungan Bugis di selatan pulau itu. Perkampungan itu telah berkembang sejajar dengan perkembangan perdagangan di pelabuhan. Kesemua itu membuat Inggeris sangat menghargai pedagang Bugis. Sehubungan itu, banyak laporan mengenai pedagang Bugis telah dibuat Inggeris. Catatan daripada orang Inggeris itu selari dengan yang telah ditulis Tome Pires yang telah singgah di Melaka pada awal abad ke enam belas. Berikut adalah pandangan daripada seorang penulis Inggeris mengenai orang Bugis yang telah berdagang dan menetap di Pulau Pinang semasa ia dibuka oleh Inggeris:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt 40px; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">The Buggesses, though few inhabit here at present, yet as they come annually to trade and remain two or three months on shore to the number of one or two thousand, they are during their residence a part of our society. They are Mahomedans, a proud, warlike, independent people, easily irritated and prone to revenge, their vessels are always well provided with arms which they use with dexterity and vigor; they are the best merchants among the Eastern Islands. They are better governed by patient and mild exhortation than by force, if they commit a trespass they are easily made sensible and may berita persuaded to render satisfaction, but they reluctantly yield to stern authority, they required to be carefully watched and cautiously ruled. The great value of their cargoes either in bullion or goods, with the quantity of opium and piece goods they export, make their arrival much wished for by all mercantile people (Logan, 1851: 10). </span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Laporan Inggeris itu menggambarkan sifat dan nilai yang dipunyai pedagang Bugis untuk sekian lamanya. Nilai, sifat dan semangat kepahlawanan yang diceritakan Pires pada tahun 1512 semasa bertemu dengan pedagang Bugis di Melaka itu masih diamalkan orang Bugis yang juga telah ditemui Logan pada tahun 1830-an. Nilai itu telah menjadi identiti melambangkan semangat waja orang Bugis, selain mereka itu berhemah tinggi, jujur dan berdikari. Kesemua sifat itu telah membuat mereka menjadi pedagang yang dihormati dan disanjung tinggi orang Eropah. Dalam laporannya mengenai perkembangan pelabuhan Pulau Pinang, George Leith juga telah mencatatkan sifat, perwatakan dan perawakan pedagang Bugis. Lihat pandangannya di bawah ini:</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt 40px; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">... bold, independent and enterprising make good soldiers have a small town on the Penang River </span></i><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">(Leith, 1805).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kenyataan George Leith itu menunjukkan orang Bugis mempunyai keperibadian, jati diri dan daya usaha untuk berniaga yang tinggi. Disebabkan kekuatan itu, mereka adalah calun yang terbaik untuk dijadikan anggota pasukan tentera tempatan kepada kuasa barat. Tidaklah hairan jika dalam tentera Belanda ada banyak orang tempatan, terutamanya orang Bugis.</span></p> <h3><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kesimpulan</span></b></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Pedagang Bugis telah berjaya menguasai segala pelosok Nusantara. Kejayaan itu disebabkan sifat dan peribadi orang Bugis: kepahlawanan, kejujuran, kegagahan, kebijaksanaan dan keberanian. Kesemua sifat itu terkandung dalam konsep siri serta pesse mereka. Kekuatan ini telah diperkukuhkan dengan cerita sejarah <i>I La Galigo</i> dan pengembaraan tokoh Sawerigading. Semangat dan jiwa kepahlawanan itu telah membuat mereka berdaya saing untuk maju sehingga telah menguasai dunia perdagangan serta lautan yang tanpa sempadan. Kejujuran pedagang Bugis menjadi terkenal dan disanjung tinggi di mana sahaja mereka pergi, berjual serta berdagang. Tanggapan seperti itu telah membuat mereka berada jauh ke depan dan sering muncul dalam laporan Inggeris di Pulau Pinang. Susuk badan mereka yang gagah telah membuat mereka bertahan dalam pelayaran laut yang jauh. Keberanian dan kegagahan mereka telah membuat mereka tahan mengharungi laut yang bergelora serta cuaca yang tidak tentu arah. Mereka juga bijak dan pandai berniaga sehinggakan telah menguasai jaringan pedagangan yang luas di Nusantara. Kesemua sifat itu adalah lambang keperibadian yang membuat mereka berjaya di semua pelabuhan di Nusantara. Berbekalkan jaringan yang luas, mereka memainkan peranan penting dalam menyebarkan barang-barang Nusantara. Peranan pedagang Bugis itu dilengkapkan kebolehan Daeng lima bersaudara telah menambah warna baru kepada kerajaan Melayu yang berteraskan perdagangan samudera di Selat Melaka.</span></p> <h3><b><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Rujukan:</span></b></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Andaya, Barbara Watson. 1979. <i>Perak, The Abode of Grace A Study of an Eighteenth Century Malay State</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Andaya, L.Y. 1975. <i>The Kingdom of Johor, 1641-1728.</i> Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">_______. 1981. <i>The Heritage of Arung Palakka: A History of South Sulawesi (Celebes) in the 17th Century</i>. <span style=""> </span>The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">_______. 1995. “The Bugis-Makassar Diasporas”, in <i>JMBRAS</i> 68 (1): 119-138.<i> </i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Barbosa. 1918. <i>The Book of Duarte Barbosa, An Account of the Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and Their Inhabitants A.D. 1518</i>. Translated by Mansel Longworth<i> </i>Dames, Part II, London: The Hakluyt Society.<i> </i></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Cortesao, Armando. 1944. <i>The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires and the Book of Francisco Rodrigues.</i> London: Haklyut Society.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Gunn, Geoffrey C. <span style=""> </span>2003. <i>First Globalization: The Eurasian Exchange 1500-1800</i>. Oxford: Rowman. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kathirithamby-Wells, J. & Villiers, John. 1990. <i>The Southeast Asian Port and Polity Rise and Demise</i>. Singapore: Singapore University Press.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Kern, R.A. 1993. <i>I La Galigo.</i>Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press. Knaap, G. 1996. Shallow Waters Rising Tide. Leiden: KITLV Press.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">_______. & Sutherland, Heather. 2004. <i>Monsoon Traders: Ships, Skippers and Commodities in 18th Century Makassar</i>. 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London: Hakluyt<i> </i>Society.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Raja Ali Haji. 1982. <i>Thufat Al-Nafis: The Precious Gift</i>. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 9pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">__________</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;"><b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">Nordin Hussin, Ph.D</span></i></b><i style=""><span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN">,</span></i><span style="font-size: 8pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Verdana;" lang="IN"> <span style="">Pusat Pengajian Sejarah, Politik, dan Strategi Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.</span></span></p>Al-Mansor Abu saidhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09355698983918954375noreply@blogger.com0